DNS

 What is DNS ?

Resolving

Why DNS ?
Working of DNS. DNS Hierarchy Features Intro to IP

Message format
ER diagram DNS DB Summary

 The term DNS stands for domain name system. DNS created in 1983 by Paul Mockapetris . A globally distributed, scalable, reliable, dynamic database It translates human-friendly website addresses into computer-friendly IP

addresses and viceversa.

 the Internet is based on IP addresses, not domain names. IP Addresses are convinient for computers address includes information used for routing.) (IP IP addresses are tough for humans to remember. IP addresses are impossible to guess. Domain names comprise a hierarchy so that names are unique, easy to

remember.

 A domain is an arrangement of client and server computers that act together

as one system.
A domain name is key to doing just about anything on the Internet, from

setting up a web site to sending and receiving email to building an online

store.
A domain name is the sequence of labels from a node to the root, separated

by dots (.s), read left to right

The name space has a maximum depth of 127 levels
Domain names are limited to 255 characters in length
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Every interface on an internet must have a unique address called IP address. These addresses are 32 bit numbers, normally written as four decimal numbers,one for each byte of the address. This is called dotted-decimal notation.

 Every machine has a unique identification in network. That will used to

identify the specific system in the network. That unique identifier is called
The IP address is basically the address that distinguishes where you want

tosend information to, and from where the information comes.

There simply has to be a way to distinguish with which of the millions of

computers in the world you want to communicate.

The IP address is represented by the dotted values. Eg 172.16.35.254.

 The IP(internet Protocol) is available in two versions, There are, IPv4(Internet Protocol version 4)

IPv6(Internet Protocol version 6)

IPv4 is wisely using internet protocol. Ipv6 is upgraded version of IPv4.

 The IPv4 addresses are 4 byte(32 bits) in length.

The IPv4 addresses denoted with the dotted numbers

The IP address is denoted as n.n.n.n. Here n is a decimal value. The n

value range is 0 to 255.

IPv4 is wisely using Internet Protocol. The IPv4 have the internet number as well as the host number. Eg: 172.16.35.254
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 IPv6(Internet Protocol version 6) is a upgraded version of the IPv4.

IPv6 addressing is denoted with the 8 sets of 4 hexadecimal values, 16 bits

in each sets. Each set is separated with the colon(:).

IPv6 address is denoted as xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx (

x would be hexadecimal value).

The hexadecimal values can be represented in the Upper-case or Lower case

for the number A-F. A leading zero in a set of numbers can be omitted
ABC:567:0:8888:0:9999:1111:0 abc:567:8888:0:9999:1111:0

The IPv6 is not using wisely.

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 The DNS(Domain Name Server) is a directory lookup service that provides

a mapping between the name of the host on the internet and its numerical
address.

Four elements comprise

Domain Name Space DNS database

Name servers
Resolvers
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 It is 32 bit address provides uniquely identifying device. It has two components Network number Host address Domain refers to a group of hosts that are administrative control. Domains are organizes hierarchically, so that the domain has sub routines.

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 DNS is a hierarchical system.

DNS organizes all registered names in a tree structure.

At the base or root of the tree are a group of top-level domains including

familiar names like com, org, and edu.

Below this level are the second-level registered domains such as about.com
The tree can have 128 levels: level 0 (root) to level 127.

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 The DNS database contains a list of registered domain names.

The top level of the DNS hierarchy, also called the root level
It is maintained by a set of 13 servers called root name servers. Those servers in turn knows all the TLDs which contain the same vital

information
They are coordinated by ICANN and are distributed around the world.

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ICANN
The Internet Corporation for Assigned

Names and Numbers

The headquarters is in Marina del Rey,

California, United States,

It was created on September 18, 1998,and

incorporated on September 30, 1998.

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 To oversee administer Internet resources including Addresses Delegating blocks of addresses to the regional registries. Protocol identifiers Allocating port numbers, etc. Names Administration of the root zone file. Oversight of the operation of the root name servers.

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SCALABILITY
No limit to the size of the database
One server has over 20,000,000 names Not a particularly good idea

No limit to the number of queries

24,000 queries per second handled easily Queries distributed among masters, slaves, and caches

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RELIABILITY
Data is replicated
Data from master is copied to multiple slaves Clients can query

Master server
Any of the copies at slave servers Clients will typically query local caches DNS protocols can use either UDP or TCP If UDP, DNS protocol handles retransmission, sequencing, etc.
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DYNAMICITY
Database can be updated dynamically
Add/delete/modify of any record Modification of the master database triggers replication

Only master can be dynamically updated

Creates a single point of failure

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RESOLUTION
Mapping a name to an address or an address to a name is called nameaddress resolution.

Types of Resolution:Recursive Resolution Iterative Resolution

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Recursive resolution

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Iterative resolution

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www.google.com

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 In the example a client somewhere on the Internet needs the IP address of

www.google.com The following events take place:

1.The client contacts NameServer1 with a recursive query for www.google.com. The server must now return either the answer or an error message.

2.NameServer1 checks its cache and zones for the answer, but does not find it, so it contacts a server authoritative for the Internet (that is, a root server ) with an iterative query for www.google.com.

3.The server at the root of the Internet does not know the answer, so it responds with a referral to a server authoritative for the .com domain.

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4.NameServer1 contacts a server authoritative for the .com domain with an

iterative query for www.google.com.

5.The server authoritative for the .com domain does not know the exact

answer, so it responds with a referral to a server authoritative for the google.com

domain.

6.NameServer1 contacts the server authoritative for the google.com

domain with an iterative query for www.google.com.

7.The server authoritative for the google.com domain does know the answer. It responds with the requested IP address.

8.NameServer1 responds to the client query with the IP address for

www.google.com.
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DNS MESSAGES
The DNS query message consists of a header and question records; the DNS response message consists of a header, question records, answer records, authoritative records, and additional records.

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DNS messages

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Query and response messages

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Section Name

Description

Header

Contains fields that describe the type of message and provide important information about it. Also contains fields that indicate the number of entries in the other sections of the message.

Question

Carries one or more questions, that is, queries for information being sent to a DNS name server.

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Section Name
Answer

Authority

Additional

Description Carries one or more resource records that answer the question(s) indicated in the Question section above. Contains one or more resource records that point to authoritative name servers that can be used to continue the resolution process. Conveys one or more resource records that contain additional information related to the query that is not strictly necessary to answer the queries (questions) in the message.
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 The system which is in network request a web page to its local server.

The local DNS of that server maintain the details of the local clients

connected to it.
From that server the page request forwarded to the DNS of the web content.

The request or the query for the particular page is in the name of that local
server.
The query first processed by the resolver, it and then forward to the SLAVE

NAME SERVER. If the domain name is found in that it will return the IP
address to the requested resolver.
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 If the domain name is not found in the particular slave domain it and then

forward the detail of the requested resolver and the domain name to the higher name server.
The resolver details should be maintained in each level of name server if

that regarding to its own zone.

The several zones are there under one primary name server. The primary

name server of zones may be slave name server of another primary name server.
Each and every zone has its unique salve name server.

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 The IP address of the requested page can be directly forwarded from the

current name server level., or the address should be returned through the

backward direction in the path the request came.

The details of the requested result stored in slave name server. If the IP

address in found then the IP address and the domain name stored. Otherwise

the negative result be stored. This is caching.

The first thing the slave name server has to do is search the particular

domain name in its cached detail. If it is not found then it forward the

request to the higher level NS.

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 It is based on hierarchical database containing Resourses Records(RRs) that

includes IP address and other information about hosts.

Key features:

Variable-depth hierarchy for names

Distributed Database Distribution controlled by the database.

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 Name Servers: These are server programs that hols information about a protion of the

domain name tree structure and the associated RRs.

Resolver. These are programs that extract information from names servers in

response to client request is for an IP address corresponding to a given domain name.

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 The need of DNS is demonstrated here. Without DNS we can not imagine the internet itself. The achievement done in the internet and web environment are the branch

from the DNS invention.

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