BOD Test

15 ml of the waste sample was added directly into a 300ml BOD incubation bottle. The initial DO of the diluted sample was 8.8mg/L and the final DO after days was 1.9 mg/L. The corresponding initial and final DO of the seeded dilution water was 9.1 and 7.9 respectively. what is the 5 days BOD of the waste D1=dissolve oxygen after water sample. preparation BOD5 (mg/L) = (D1 D2) (B1 B2) f D2= dissolve oxygen after 5 days incubation P B1= organic matter before incubtion = (8.8- 1.9) (9.1- 7.9) 0.95 B2= organic matter after 0.05 incubtion = 115.5mg/L
f= fraction of water volume in sample to volume of dilution P= fraction of waste water volume to total combined volume

These characteristics of waste water are of fundamental importance in the control of diseases caused by the pathogenic organisms of human origin, and because of the extensive and fundamental role played by bacteria and other micro organisms in the decomposition and stabilization of organic matter both nature and in waste water treatment plant.

Purpose to study the biological characteristic

Micro

organism found in waste water and surface water. micro organisms associated with human diseases

Pathogenic Use

of indicator organisms and techniques used for the enumeration of bacteria of enumerate virus

Methods Methods

Role of micro organisms:

The stabilization of organic matter is accomplished biologically using a variety of micro organisms. The micro organisms convert the colloidal and dissolved carbonaceous organic matter into various gases and protoplasm. Because protoplasm has a specific gravity slightly greater than that of water, it can be removed from the treated liquid by gravity settling. If the protoplasm is not removed the only treatment that will be achieved is that associated with the bacterial conversion of the organic matter originally present to various gaseous end products.

Eucaryotes: Cells contain membrane bound nucleus and membranous. Animals Plants Fungi Protozoa Procaryotes: No distinct nucleus and no membranous Bacteria

Typical micro organism found in waste water and surface water

1.Bacteria: Bacteria are single cell prokaryotic organisms. The interior of the cell contains a colloidal suspension of proteins, carbohydrates and other complex organic compounds called cytoplasm.the cytoplasm contains ribonucleic acid(RNA) whose major role is to synthesis of proteins. within cytoplasm deoxyribonucleic (DNA)DNA contains all the information necessary for their growth.
2.Archaea. Found an aerobic process under extreme condition of temperature and chemical composition. 3.Fungi: Fungi have the ability to grow under low moisture, Low nitrogen condition and can tolerate an environment with a relatively low pH. The ability of the fungi to survive under low pH nitrogen limiting condition coupled with their ability to degrade cellulose makes them very important in the composting of sludge. 4.Protoza. Protoza are generally an order of magnitude large than bacteria and often consume bacteria as energy source. Protoza as polisher of the effluents from the biological waste treatment process by consuming bacteria and particulate organic matter. 5.Algae. In waste water treatment lagoons the ability of algae to produce oxygen by photosynthesis is vital to ecology of the water environment.

BACTERIA

PROTOZOA

FUNGI

ALGAE

2. By energy and carbon source: Carbon is the basic building block for cell synthesis .A source of energy must be obtained from outside the cell to enable synthesis to proceed. Our goal in waste water treatment is to convert both the carbon and the energy in the waste water in the in the cells of micro organisms which we can remove from the water by settling. Therefore we wish to encourage the growth of microorganisms that use organic material for the both their carbon and energy source.

4. By their Temperature: Each species of bacteria reproduces best within a limited range of temperature.

Psychrophiles: Grow best at temperature below 20C Mesophiles: Grow best at temperature between 25 - 40C Thermophiles: Grow best at temperature 45 - 60C Stenthermophiles: Grow best above 60C

. The anaerobic decomposition of OM generally is considered to be two step process. In the first step complex organic compounds are fermented to low molecular weight fatty acids (volatile acids).In second step the organic acids are converted to methane.Co2 served as the electron acceptor. Direct an aerobic decomposition of waste water generally is not feasible for dilute waste. the optimum growth temperature for the anerobic bacteria is at the upper end of the mesophilic range. BOD level grater than 1000mg/l an aerobic digestion is quite appropriate.

WHO recognizes that access to adequate water supplies is a fundamental human right. Water-related diseases are a human tragedy , killing millions of people each year (account for 80% of all deaths in developing countries).

Water-borne diseases . Water-based diseases. Water-related vector diseases. Water-scarce ( also called water-washed) disease

Water borne diseases are dirty-waterdiseases those caused water that has been contaminated by human ,animal ,or chemical wastes

Water-based diseases are caused by aquatic organisms that spend part of their life cycle in the water and another part as parasite of animals.

Water-related vector diseases that are transmitted by vectors-insects or other animals .

Water-related vector diseases: that are transmitted by vectors-insects or other animals . Dengue fever ( bone crusher disease)

Cause : virus Symptoms fever,chills,headache,painin joints Transmission: mosquito bite

Water-scarce Diseases ( Water Water-washed Diseases. Water-scarce diseases: thrive in conditions where freshwater is scarce and sanitation poor

1. Cholera:
Cause : Bacteria Cause Symptoms :diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration lead to death. 2.Amoebic dysentery:
Cause : ProtozoaCause Symptoms :diarrhoea, dehydration. 3.Diarrhealdisease (including :amoebic and bacillary dysentery) Cause : Bacteria ,Viruses ,and Protozoa Cause Symptoms :diarrhoea, dehydration.

4.Hepatitis

Cause : Viruses Symptoms :body weakness, loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort.

5.Typhoid
Cause : Bacteria Cause Symptoms :diarrhoea, dehydration. 6.Ascariasis Cause :parasitic roundworms Symptoms : enlargement of liver, toxicity, pneumonia ,nutritional deficiency. Transmission: Faecalsoil-oral