Embedded Systems

Embedded Systems

Under the supervision of :

Dr / Farhat Farg
Farhat
 Outline

● introduction
● What is an embedded system?
● Characteristics of Embedded Systems
● Categories of Embedded Systems
● Major Components in Embedded Systems
● Embedded Systems HW / SW
● Embedded Systems Applications
● Software Development Tools
● Examples of Embedded Systems
 Introduction
Today’s embedded systems development ranges from microprocessor-based control
systems, to systems-on-chip (SoC) design, and device software development. A
myriad of implementations can be found in consumer electronics, medical devices,
and commercial and military applications.

This program looks at embedded systems engineering as a synergistic function

between hardware and software device design and development. Participants learn
the essential concepts of embedded systems development through a practical hands-
on approach utilizing industry design automation (EDA) tools and design kits.

Embedded systems are ubiquitous. They can be found in consumer

products such as washers, microwave ovens, and automobiles; industrial
process controllers; as well as cellular phones, and personal digital
assistants.
 What is an Embedded Systems ?

● An embedded system
is some combination of computer hardware and software,
possibly with some mechanics, that is specifically designed
for a particular kind of application device.

An embedded system can be part of a larger system

90% of all computers are embedded computers!

• Anything that uses a microprocessor but isn't a general-
purpose computer
• Take advantage of application characteristics to optimize the
design ex:
• Personal digital assistant (PDA)
• Set-top boxes
• Televisions output analog
• Video Games
• Refrigerators
• Cars
CPU input analog
• Planes
• Elevators
• Remote Controls
• Alarm Systems memory
embedded
computer
 Major Components in Embedded
Systems
Program
● Data acquisition and processing
● Communication
● System logic and control algorithm
● Interface Data
● Auxiliary units
■ display
■ storage
■ monitoring and protection
■ test and diagnosis.

Algorithm

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 Characteristics of Embedded Systems
● 1.Device Programmability or Manageable
The functioning of a specific hardware part on a smart device can
be easily changed by simply changing the software associated
with it.

● 2.Multi-tasking
An embedded system employed in a modern refrigerator
performs door sense and temp sense at the same times, which
are two functions at the same time.

● 3.Real-time Response
It is the ability of an embedded system to respond to ambient
conditions suddenly. That is, a smart TV adjusts picture quality
suddenly in response to sudden environmental brightness
variations.
 Embedded Systems: Applications

● Consumer electronics, cameras, camcorders, ....

● Consumer products, e.g., washers, microwave ovens, ...

● Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control, ...)

● Industrial process controllers & avionics/defense

applications

● Computer/Communication products printers, FAX machines,

...
● Emerging multimedia applications & consumer electronics
 Categories of Embedded Systems

● 1. Stand-alone embedded systems

Embedded logic circuit placed in a stand-alone smart
device like a TV receiver
● 2. Real-time embedded systems
It can be again classified as hard real-time and soft
Real-time embedded systems Hard systems are
employed in biomedical smart devices, where real-time
response is crucial. Soft systems have less real-time
response than a hard system. Smart TV is an example for
soft system.
● 3. Networked embedded systems
Here a smart device is networked with other systems. The
networking may be wired or wire-less. Mobile phone is an
example for wire-less smart device.
 EMBEDDED
HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

◆ Any systems that contained a ‘Microcontroller’

are called as Embedded Systems.
● 1.Processor
It is the brain of the embedded logic circuit. The processor can be of
three types:
◆ 8b Microcontroller (MC)
For applications where space requirement is high but
processing power and memory requirements are low, like in
toys, smart cards, etc.

◆ 32b Microprocessor (MP)

For applications where space requirement is low but processing
power and memory requirements are high, like in handheld
computers.

◆ Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

For applications where signals are handled than Data, like
audio and video applications. DSP contain a MAC (Multiply-
Accumulate) unit, which performs all complex floating point
Fourier calculations. Of the worlds total processor production
94% holds for embedded systems.
 Embedded systems design:
Major subtasks
● Modeling
■ the system to be designed, and experimenting with algorithms
involved;
● Refining (or “partitioning”)
■ the function to be implemented into smaller, interacting pieces;
● HW-SW partitioning: Allocating
■ elements in the refined model to either (1) HW units, or (2)
SW running on custom hardware or a general microprocessor.
● Scheduling
■ the times at which the functions are executed. This is important
when several modules in the partition share a single hardware
unit.
● Mapping (Implementing)
■ a functional description into (1) software that runs on a processor
or (2) a collection of custom, semi-custom, or commodity HW.
 Characteristics of Embedded
Systems
• Application Specific
■ Applications are known a priori
■ Optimize for cost, area, power, and performance

• Digital Signal Processing

■ Signals are represented digitally

Reactive
■ Reacts to changes in the system’s environment

Real-time
■ Compute certain tasks before deadline
Distributed, Networked, …
● Reliability
■ Probability of system working correctly provided that
is was working

● Maintainability
■ Probability of system working correctly d time units
after error occurred.
Safety
■ Not harmful for user
● Security
■ Confidential and authentic communication
 Traditional Design Challenges
● Low cost ● Mixed digital/analog
requirements
● Light weight
● Shrinking time-to-market
● Reliability
● Short product lifetime
● Low power
● Real-time processing
● Portable
● Inherent concurrency
● Complexity
● HW/SW co-design
● Ease of use
 Recent Design Challenges
● Design Complexity
● Ultra low power
■ Highly adaptive
■ Active power management (voltage scaling, etc.)
■ Alternative energy source (scavenge, solar, etc.)
● Internet aware
■ Incorporate RF technologies
■ Networking capabilities
◆ Larger OS, middleware, etc.
◆ Understanding of many/changing protocols
■ Co-operative operation (trashcan & refrigerator)
● Verification
● Security
 Classification of Embedded
Systems
Multi-dimensional classifications:

● Hard versus software systems

● Fail-safe versus fail-operational systems
● Guaranteed-response versus best-effort
● Resource-adequate versus resource-inadequate
● Event-triggered versus time-triggered.
 Software Development Tools
● Compiler: compiles C/C++ and in-line assembly language

● Linker: links compiled application code, OS, and runtime

libraries

● Memory Image tools: places code in non-volatile memory at a

given physical memory address

● Debugger: debugs OS and application programs

● Loader: loads OS at power on and applications

● Also a tool to download new code from the development

system is typically provided
Examples of Embedded Systems
 Example ES (II): Digital Camera

Digital camera chip

CCD
CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessor D2A
A2D

lens
JPEG codec Microcontroller Multiplier/Accum

DMA controller Display ctrl

Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl

• Single-functioned -- always a digital camera

• Tightly-constrained -- Low cost, low power, small, fast
• Reactive and real-time -- only to some extent
toothbrush

• Product: Sonic are

Elite toothbrush
• Microprocessor: 8-bit
• Has a programmable
speed control, timer,
and charge gauge

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 Example: BMW 745i

● 2, 000, 000 LOC

● Windows CE OS
● 53 8-bit µP
● 11 32-bit µP
● 7 16-bit µP
● Multiple Networks
● Buggy! Example:
By 2010, electronics & software in cars will account
for up to 40% of their value
Wireless parking management

Street line networks

NASA's Twin Mars Rovers

• Product: NASA's Twin

Mars Rovers
• Microprocessor:
Radiation Hardened
20Mhz PowerPC
• Commercial Real-time
OS
• Software and OS was
developed during multi-
year flight to Mars and
downloaded using a
radio link
 Any PC Mouse, Keyboard, or USB
Device

• Product: Any PC
Mouse, Keyboard, or
USB Device

• Microprocessor:
8-bit Microcontroller

Inside view of a Microsoft Mouse

Gas Pump

• Product: Dresser Wayne

Ovation iX Gas Pump
• Microprocessor:
Marvel Xscale (ARM)
• OS: Windows CE
• Displays video ads &
is networked to a gas
station’s back office
computer system. Also has
remote maintenance
features
Pocket PC Phone

• Product:
Pocket PC Phone

• Microprocessor:
TI OMAP (ARM+DSP)

• OS: Windows Mobile 5.0

(Windows CE OS)
Robotic

• Product: Sony Aibo

ERS-7 Robotic Dog

• Microprocessor: 64-
bit MIPS R7000

• OS: Aperios - Sony’s

Real Time OS

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 Embedded Systems Topics

• Introduction to embedded systems

• Design of embedded systems

• Input/output (I/O) activities common to embedded systems

• Architectures common to embedded systems

• Memory concepts important to embedded systems

• Real-time concepts important to embedded systems

For Further Information URLs :

http://www.scribd.com/search?l=1&page=1&query

http://www.embedded.com

http://www.techonline.com

http://www.embeddedliinks.com/chipdir/

 www.info.com/Embedded-System

http://cordis.europa.eu/technology-platforms
N.N.M