Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9/13/2012
Constituents of
Political System
Legislature Executive/
Executive Control
Acts as a mirror of public opinion
Government
Judiciary
Tariffs / Subsidies / Import To protect local industries ban / Export ban from global competition ( Role Encourage / Shelter )
Products reserved for SSIs To promote mixed economy & Public sectors ( Role Decides / Promotes )
Limited area of operation , could not be diversified, Vertical Integration not possible ,cost increase
Industrial Policy
1948, 1956 , 1991
Industrial policy Indicates
Mixed Sector
growth rate Expand public sector Increase employment opportunities Prevent creation of monopoly Expand Cottage,village,SSIs
Industry Classifications Schedule-A: ( 17 industries ) Govt. Arms , Ammunitions , Defence equipments , atomic energy , iron & steel , Heavy plant &Machinery, Heavy electrical plant , Coal & lignite, mineral oil, mining ,aircraft , air & rail transport, Telecom cables, electricity generation & distribution , ship building Schedule- B: ( 12 industries ) Private & Govt. machine tools , Ferro-alloys , drugs ,fertilizers , synthetic rubber , chemical pulp ,road transport , sea transport , carbonisation of coal , mining of aluminum & non-ferrous metals. Private sector others
Policy Initiatives
backward areas To Run the PSUs on business lines Encourage Entrepreneurship Link Indian economy to global market Develop indigenous technology Promote productivity & employment generation
4. ForeignTechnology
Agreements
5. MRTP Act
Industrial
Licensing
Policy
manufacture goods at a specific location before 1991. In the new policy licensing requirement was abolished except for 1. Distillation & Brewing of alcoholic drinks 2. Manufacturing Cigarettes & Tobacco substitutes 3. All types of electronic aerospace & Defence equipments 4. Industrial Explosives 5. Certain Hazardous chemicals Exempted factories have to furnish a memorandum to Industries department Location: In the new policy projects can be established at any location except cities . In a city of 1 million population it has to be established 25kms away from city.
Public
Sector
Policy
public sector reduced to 8 and then to 2 ( Atomic energy & Railway ) Growth of PSUs in the following Priority sectors 1.Essential infrastructure Goods & Services 2. Exploration & Exploitation of Oil & Mineral resources 3. Strategic Defence equipments 4. Technology development & building of manufacturing capabilities in areas which are crucial for economic development Autonomy through MOU Navaratnas Bringing down government equity to 26 % in non-Priority sector PSUs Close down PSUs which can not be revived Fully protect the interest of workers
Foreign
Investment
51 % of Equity capital in FERA companies Foreign Investment allowed up to 26 % of Equity capital in Defence productions sector. Up to 100 % in certain sectors ( real estate ) Stock market opened for foreign investment EXIM Policy liberalised , tariffs reduced , lifted import restrictions Foreign exchange rate policy liberalised , Rupee was made fully convertible on current account and then recently partly on capital account.
Foreign
Technology
Agreement
MRTP Act
Monopolies and
Restrictive Trade Practices Act
to take action against restrictive & unfair trade practice. MRTP commission will be empowered to enquire into the complaints of customers
MRTP Act is replaced by Competition Law
Public Sector
Public sector enterprise is an undertaking owned & managed by
Government.
244 enterprises are public sector enterprises under the control of
Central Government
Total investment Rs. 4,21,000 Cr. 1100 are State Public sector enterprises with 50,000 Cr.
Investment
These PSUs accounts for 25% of GDP & One-third of export PSUs accounts for 70 % of workers employed in organised sector
Public Sector
Objective:
Help in rapid economic growth Earn return on investment & generate resources for
development
Create employment opportunity Assist & develop ancillary & small scale industries Promote redistribution of income & wealth
Public Sector
Organisation of Public sector Units:
Public enterprises are organised in the following forms:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Public Sector
Organisation of Public sector Units:
Ministry Management by a ministry, Railways, Budget to be approved by Parliament, Headed by Minister and management board It is directly subordinate to ministry, ICF, Ordnance factory, financed by annual appropriation from treasury, revenues are paid into treasury. Employees are civil servents, can be sued by following the procedure to sue the government 51% or more of equity owned by government, created under Company Law, Directors are appointed by Govt., fund from government
Departmental Undertaking
Government Company
Public Sector
Navaratnas:
In 1997 govt. granted autonomy to 9 public sector units so as to support them to become global companies. These 9 companies are BHEL, BPCL, HPCL, IOC, ONGC, SAIL, VSNL, NTPC, IPCL. Later GAIL ,MTNL,BEL,HAL were given
Privatisation
Privatisation : Privatisation means transfer of ownership and /or management of an enterprise from the public sector to the private sector. Disinvestment: Disinvestment means sale of shares of public sector enterprises to outsiders. It is one of the method of privatisation. Purpose of Privatisation 1. To increase efficiency 2. To reduce the monopoly of govt. 3. To encourage private & foreign investment 4. To reduce the states administrative work 5. To encourage wider ownership of public
Privatisation
Method of Privatisation in India:
1.
Disinvestment Route This involves sale of equity shares of public sector units to outsiders. Disinvestment policy was introduced in 1991-92. Up to 20% of equity in select PSUs sold to Public sector Institutional investors like LIC, UTI . In 1993 Disinvestment committee under the chairmanship of C.Rangarajan was set up to advise on the mode of disinvestment. 1996 Disinvestment commission was set up and 58 PSUs were recommended to shift to private management without sale of shares 1999 PSUs were classified under Strategic & non-Strategic areas for disinvestment purpose. Strategic Sectors Defence equipments , arms , ammunitions, air crafts, warships, atomic energy , railways.
Privatisation
Method of Privatisation in India:
1. Disinvestment Route.Cont. Rangarajan Committee Report Recommendations: 1. Industries reserved for PSUs Up to 49% of equity can be sold 2. PSUs having dominant market share Up to 74 % can be sold 3. In all other cases equity can be sold up to 100% 4. Best disinvestment method is offering equity to public at a fixed price 5. Once shares of PSUs are traded in Stock market Fixed price method can be used . Untill such time sale can be made through auction Disinvestment Commission: 1. Was set up in 1996 , to determine extent of disinvestment, to select the PSU to be divestd, to recommend route to disinvestment, to supervise overall sale . As on date 76 PSUs were divested and Rs. 49,000 cr is raised.
Privatisation
National Investment Fund: Set up in 2005 , into which the sale proceeds of PSUs will be credited. This fund will be used to develop Infrastructure & Education, health, employment generation and in capital projects.
Industries
Enterprise means an industrial undertaking or a business concern or any other establishment, by whatever name called, engaged in the manufacture or production of goods, in any manner pertaining to any industry specified in the First Schedule to the Industries Development and Regulation Act, 1951.
Micro
Small
P&M > Rs.25 L <=500
Medium
P &M >Rs.500 L< =1000
Manufacturin g
<=Rs.25 L
Service
Equipment <=Rs.10 L
Dynamic Economy
Socio-Economic Development
Role of SMEs
Accounts for
Importance
Easy to set up in rural & backward areas Need Small market Encourage Local Entrepreneur Influence standard of living of people
Companies
4. Integrated Infrastructure development
5. Encouraging Industry associations 6. Common Testing facility 7. Productivity Training
1991
4. Foreign participation
1999
2006
COMPETITIVENESS PROGRAMME (NMCP) 3. PACKAGE FOR PROMOTION OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES
Objective
Competitiveness
Development of skill
PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT
provisioning for technological upgradation providing marketing assistance or infrastructure facilities Credit Facilities Measures against Delayed
payments
and
ENHANCEMENT
of Competitiveness through
Development of skill
National Institute for small Industry
PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT
and
ENHANCEMENT
of Competitiveness through
Extension & Training - Hyderabad ( NISIET) Indian istitute of Entrepreneurship ( IIE ) Guwahati National Institute for Entrepreneurship & small Business Development Newdelhi ( NIESBUD
) + 12 other Institutes
upgradation
PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT
and
ENHANCEMENT
of Competitiveness through
Organisation ( SIDO ) National Small Industries Corporation Ltd. ( NSIC National science and technology Entrepreneurship Development Board ( NSTEDB National Productivity Council ( NPC )
Director of export Promotion ( DEP) Director General of Supply & Disposal ( DGSD ) Rural Industrial & Marketing Corporation ( RIMCO )
and
ENHANCEMENT
of Competitiveness through
Credit Facilities
Commercial Banks
PROMOTION DEVELOPMENT
and
ENHANCEMENT
of Competitiveness through
and
ENHANCEMENT
Facilitation Council
Arbitration and Conciliation Act
of Competitiveness through
1996
Courts
implementing flow )
2. Promotion of ICT in manufacturing ( Information communication Tech ) 3. Setting up Mini Tool Rooms 4. Encouragement for Quality Management Standards & Tools 5. Campaign for investment in Intellectual property
I. Municipal Waste Water (MWW) Issues:35000 Million litres per day (MLD) waste water is generated and only 11000 MLD is collected and treated. Rest are discharged untreated in water bodies and land causing pollution in surface and groundwater.
Impact: Cause severe pollution at water bodies, BOD > 100 mg|l, Coliform > 1Cr (in some water bodies) Cause land pollution ground water pollution Spread of water borne diseases
Action Points In phase manner, MWW has to be collected and treated as per standard of CPCB/SPCB, and also considering pollution status of recipient water bodies. More emphasis to use treated waste water for reuse e.g. industrial process, irrigation etc. Minimum flow of water in river to be maintained to achieve desired water quality. Promotion of more decentralised waste water treatment facility. Linking of rivers for optimum utilisation of water resources. Quality of water at water intake point of water works to be strictly maintained as per CPCB guidelines. Ground Water depletion to be checked in major cities & towns.
1,20,000 Tonne per day (TPD) Municipal Solid Waste is generated, only 70% or the same is collected and only 5% is treated and disposed as per Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules. Indiscriminate disposal of MSW is major nuisance in urban areas including groundwater quality problem.
Action Points MSW has to be collected and disposed as per MSW Management Rules notified under E(P) Act, 1986. Ministry of Urban Development under J.N.N.U.R.M. programme may play a major role for management of MSW in urban areas (more than 1 lakh Cr santioned) More emphasis on recycle and reuse of the waste. Use of calorific value of waste in power generation / cement plant etc. Public Private Partnership for MSW management to be encouraged.
Action Points
Integrated approach to be taken for PM10 management. Source apportionment study to be conducted for PM10 in all non-compliant cities. More use of clean transportation fuel (CNG, LPG, Low Sulphur Diesel etc.) in highly polluted cities. Use of vehicles meeting Bharat Stage-III/IV (akin to EURO-III/IV) standard in non-compliant cities.
Indian coal contains 34-47% ash. Ash generation from coal based power station is presently about 112 million tonnes per annum. It is going to increase to 150 million tonnes per annum after commissioning of all coal based Thermal Power Stations by 2015.
Action Points Ash utilization as per new MoEF guidelines. More use of ash in cement production. Promotion of clean coal technologies. Pit head power plants to dispose the ash in abandoned mines. Ash should be considered as resource and not as waste.
2.3
30.9
Use of clean coal technologies (Super Critical ,IGCC, PFBC, CFBC, etc.) to be promoted based on location specific requirements.
Issues:Presently 8.14 million tonnes of hazardous wastes is generated from 29716 industries. However, there are only 27 nos of TSDF (Transport, Storage and Disposal Facility) exists, which is inadequate to handle all hazardous wastes. Action Points More TSDF facilities to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode. Promotion of clean technology to reduce generation of hazardous wastes. Remediation of contaminated hazardous waste dump sites. More common hazardous wastes incinerators as per CPCB guidelines, to be set-up.
25 years (causing serious ground and land pollution) Tirupur (18 CETP) sludge management Delhi (17 CETP) sludge management Ranipet /Vellore (24 CETP) sludge management Lead slag disposal around 350 secondary lead industry Chrome mine sludge management in Sukinda mines Murcury bearing sludge management in Kodaikanal
VII.E-Waste Management
Issues:Presently more than 400,000 tonnes of E-waste is generated which may increase manifold in coming years.
Action Points
Common facility for E-Waste management (Collection, Segregation, Recovery of Metals and Reuse Facility) in Public Private Partnership mode to be setup. Comprehensive e-waste management policy to be adopted (as per guidelines issued by CPCB (www.cpcb.nic.in). More emphasis on metal recovery to be given.
in
There are large number of chemical industries (pesticides, pharmaceutical, dye and dye intermediate, organic chemical manufacturing industries) in chemical industrial zone of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu etc. (Vapi, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Panoli, Tarapur, Taloja, Mahad, Patancherru, Medak, Cuddalore, Manali etc.). In these areas toxic pollutants like VOC, BTX, Organic Solvents emissions are quite high.
Action Points Monitoring and assessment of HAP to be carried out. Solvent recovery (ethylene dichloride, benzene, toluene etc.) should be improved. High COD wastes to be segregated and incinerated. Promotion of clean process technology to minimise the generation of HAP.
Action Points Pollution prevention technologies as developed by CPCB for various SSI units to be adopted. More CETPs to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode and performance of existing CETPs (more than 100 exists) to be improved. Enforcement of standard in SSI sectors to be strengthened.
Vehicular population growth in urban areas of India is very high. In Delhi alone, more than 45 lacs vehicles are registered. Vehicular emissions are mainly responsible for poor air quality in urban areas.
Action Points In-use vehicular emission to be controlled by proper inspection and monitoring system. For new vehicles, Bharat Stage-III standards to be enforced in all urban areas where ambient air quality standards are not met. Fuel adulteration is major problem and should be addressed. Proper action plan based on source apportionment study should be prepared and implemented. Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations to be set-up in urban areas and data display in web-site for public interaction.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
8.
9. 10.
standard) Zero discharge of effluent (distillery , drug and pharma industry etc) Promotion of clean coal technology Coal beneficiation regulation Clean transportation fuel(CNG, LPG) Clean fuel (lead free gasoline, low sulphur diesel, low benzene petrol)
Road map for control of emissions from new and in-use vehicles developed up to year 2010 Use of Alternate fuel (CNG,LPG,Ethanol petrol, Bio-diesel, Hydrogen,etc.)
No Specifications
Before 1996
June 1994 0.15 g/l (4 metro) April 1995 April 1996 3% in Metro cities
Nov. 2000
Jan 1999
April. 2005 Unleaded NCR Unleded Country
Euro-III (Country) Euro-IV (11 cities) Euro-II (Country) Euro-III (11 cities) 2005 August 1997 Sulphur 0.25% Delhi & Taj April 1998 Sulphur 0.25% Metro cities 2010 April April6 Sulphur 0.50 % 4 metros & Taj
Euro-I equivalent (Country) Euro-II eqv. For cars (4 metros) 2000/01 2nd set norms notified 1996 Emission norms for catalytic vehicles 1995 1st set norms notified April-2005 April-2010 April 2000-04
April-2000
1990
Sulphur 0.05% Entire Country & 0.035 (11 cities) Sulphur 0.005% (11 cities) & 0.035% (Entire Country)
2.
3.
Contd..
4. Sponge Iron Plants Char Management use in AFBC / FBC Boiler with Coal for power generation. WHRB Kiln emission (GHG emission reduction).
5. Thermal Power Plants Ash utilisation (cement plant, mine back filling). Promotion of Clean Coal Technology. Flue Gas desulphurisation (FGD) for SO2 control. 6. Textile Industry TDS management from effluent. R.O./Nano filtration For reuse of water. Waste recycling.
Contd..
7.
Cement Industry Use of high calorific value hazardous waste as partial fuel in cement kiln. Use of fly ash / iron slag from cement making (carbon credit under CDM) Aluminium Industry Secondary emission of fluoride from pot room. PAH emission control from Baking furnace. Spent Pot lining disposal. Drug and Pharmaceutical Industry Segregation of high COD/ high TDS waste. Steam stripping for VOC control Recovery of solvents High TDS effluent management (MEE, drier, solid waste management) Incinerator emission Odour Control. Reuse of water
8.
9.
299291
250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 WITHOUT CONTROL DEVICE 5365 WITH CONTROL DEVICE
AFTER TREATMENT
19152
20000 15000
9478
10000
5123
5000 0 BOD
1776
COD
Pollution Parameters
way
3. Inspection and maintenance system for vehicles are non existent
(b) To advice the state government on any matter concerning the prevention control or abatement of air pollution;
(c)
(d) To collaborate with central board in organising the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and to organise mass education programme relating thereto; (e) To inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment, industrial plant or manufacturing process and to give, by order, such direction to such person as it may consider necessary to take step for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution;
(h)
(i)
(a) The central board shall be bound by such directions in writing as the central government may give to it; and (b) Every state board shall be bound by such direction in writing as the central board or the state government may give to it; Section 19 Power to declare air pollution control areas
The State Government may, after consultation with the State Board, by notification in official gazette declared in such manner as may be prescribed, any area or areas within the State as air pollution control area or areas for the purposes of this act.
Reason for High Air Pollution invehicular population Urban Areas Uncontrolled growth of
Bharat Stage II vehicles, 2W / 3W) Fuel quality issues Fuel adulteration issues Air pollution from SSI units (brick kiln, stone crusher, hotmix plants etc.) Large number of DG Sets (small power generating set run on liquid fuel) Coal based power station
steel
15
16 17 18 19 20
64.0
64.0 63.50 62.75 62.75 62.25
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Mandi Govind Garh (Punjab ) Mangalore (Karanataka ) Ib valley (Orissa ) Navi Mumbai (Maharastra) Jhasugurda (Orissa ) Tarapur (Maharastra ) Vatva (Gujarat ) Agra (U.P.) Indore(M.P.) Asansol (West Bengal ) Varanasi Mirzapur (U.P.) Howrah (W.B) Cochin (Kerela ) Vishakhapatnam (A.P.) Panipat(Haryana) Bhavnagar Cuddalore(T.N.) Haldia (West Bengal ) Najafgarh drain basin Jodhpur (Rajasthan ) Palli Junagarh (Gujarat ) Patancheru _Bollaram
62.0 61.75 61.0 61.0 61.0 60.75 60.0 59.0 59.0 58.35 58.0 57.0 57.0 57.0 55.75 54.50 54.0 53.75 52.13 52.0 52.0 51.25 50.0
Secondary Steel industry Refinery, Pesticide units TPP/Coal mining SSI units Sponge iron plants, mining industry SSI units SSI units SSI units SSI units SSI units SSI units SSI units Oil refinery/chemical industry Chemical industry , oil refinery SSi units, oil refinery SSI units Pesticide units,Pharmaceutical units Oil refinery,chemical industry SSI units SSI units SSI units
AnnualAnnual Average of RSPM In Four Mega CIties cities Average of PM10 in four mega
300
Annual Avr. Conc. (g/m3)
2002
2003
Mumbai
2004
2005 Year
kolkata
2006
2007
Chennai
2008
2009
NAQS
Mumbai
kolkata
Chennai
NAQS
Year
Cities
Dewas,Tirupati,Kozhikode
30-60
60-90
90-120
Critical(200% 250% of standard) Critical(250% 300% of standard) Critical(300% 350% of standard) Critical(350% 400% of standard) Critical(400% 450% of standard)
120-150
150-180
180-210
210-240
Ghaziabad,Khana,Ludhiyana
240-270
Govindgarh
Jharia
Delhi Noida Chandrapur
Source : CPCB
52
51 49 48
PM10 is exceeded in 83 cities and towns NOx is having increasing trend and already exceeded in major cities and towns (where vehicular population is high)
Benzene in ambient air of Delhi, Mumbai, Kanpur, Pune are significantly higher than the national standard
Elemental Carbon (EC) and Organic Carbon (OC) is 20-45% of PM10 indicating its origin from combustion related emission (vehicles / SSI) High EC / OC indicate higher emission from diesel burning EC / OC less in PM10 than PM2.5 indicate EC dominance in fine fraction of particulate matter Higher EC / OC at kerb side indicate contribution of vehicular sources Significant quantities of sulphate and nitrate in PM10
Ambient air quality standards (to set targets) Emission limits (with certification tests) Emission control requirements (Reasonably Available, Best Available, Lowest Achievable Emissions Technologies) Product design specification Emission fees and fines Forced shutdowns under Air Act 1981, EP Act 1986 Emissions caps and trading Fuel specifications (with certification tests) Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance programs Congestion pricing Energy efficiency requirements Demonstrated reasonable progress
BS (III) norms for fuels and vehicles implemented all over India BS(IV) norms for vehicles and fuels implemented in 12 cities Pollution under control certificate (PUC) for in-use vehicles (not very effective) Comprehensive inspection and maintenance system (exists only in few places) Independent fuel testing laboratories for checking fuel adulteration Thrust on use of clean transportation fuel (CNG) in few cities New AAQS for ozone, PAH, Benzene etc. notified
Shortage of technical manpower in SPCBs Technical capabilities of SPCBs are poor Frequent changes of chairmen / member secretaries of SPCBs / PCCs Non-priorities of activities on pollution control. More energy spent on SSI / Green Industry rather than highly polluting Red Category industries. Non-implementation of MSW Rule Poor implementation of Bio-medical waste management rules Poor implementation of hazardous waste management rules (hazardous waste generation is more compare to capacity of TSDF)
Contd..
Poor implementation of municipal waste water management (out of 35000 mld sewage generation, hardly 11000 mld are collected and treated) Continuous air quality monitoring station (CAAQMS) Not proper calibration of analyzers resulting poor quality data National ambient air quality monitoring station poor quality of data generated by SPCBs Poor implementation of Noise Rules Zero Effluent Discharge concept is highly energy intensive (more carbon emission) Large number of illegal hazardous waste dumpsites. Remediation work yet to be started CETP / TSDF performance is poor. Proper evaluation of functioning not done