PRESENTATION ON

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

TOPIC :- UNO and UNCTAD- Origin,

objectives & Organs

UNITED NATION ORGANISATION

The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are

facilitating

cooperation

in

international

law,

international

security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace.

It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions.

It has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.

The UN's most prominent position is Secretary-General which has been

held by Ban Ki-moon of South Korea since 2007.

ORIGIN
Prior to the United Nations (UN), the League of Nations was the international organization responsible for ensuring peace and cooperation between world nations. It was founded in 1919 "to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security." The League of Nations had 58 members and was considered successful. In the 1930s its success waned as the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) gained influence, eventually leading to the start of World War II in 1939. The term "United Nations" was then coined in 1942 by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Declaration by United Nations.

 The UN as it is known today however was not officially founded until 11th February, 1945 when the Charter of the United Nations(description of functions) was drafted at the UN Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, California. The conference was attended by 50 nations and several nongovernmental organizations - all of which signed and approved the Charter on 26th June, 1945. The charter came into force on 24th October, 1945.

 The principles of the UN as explained in the Charter are to save future generations from war, reaffirm human rights, and establish equal rights for all

persons. In addition it also aims to promote justice,

freedom, and social progress for the peoples of all of its member states. It has 193 member states.

COMPONENTS or ORGANS
UN

General Assembly

Security Council

Economic & Social Council

Trusteeship Council

International Court Of Justice

The Secretariat

The United Nations' system is based on five principal organs

(formerly six the Trusteeship Council suspended operations in 1994)

General Assembly
The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the United

Nations. Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly

meets in regular yearly sessions under a president elected from among the member states. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations. When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required.

All other questions are decided by majority vote. Each member country has
one vote.

 Examples of important questions include:

recommendations on peace and security;
election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; and,

budgetary matters.
The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under Security Council consideration. (A deliberative assembly is an organization comprising members who use parliamentary procedure to make decisions.)

Security Council
The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the United Nations can only make 'recommendations' to member governments, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member governments have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25. The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions.

 The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of 5 permanent membersChina, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United Statesand 10 non-permanent members, currently: Azerbaijan, India, South Africa, Colombia, Morocco, Togo, Germany, Pakistan, Guatemala and Portugal. The five permanent members hold veto power. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms with member states voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis. Decisions on important matters require nine affirmative votes including the affirmative votes of all 5 permanent members. A negative vote by any permanent member, known as veto can defeat any resolution.

Secretariat
The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings.

The Charter provides that the staff shall not seek or receive instructions
from any authority other than the UN. The Secretary-General alone is responsible for staff selection. The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter that, in his or her opinion, may threaten international peace and

security.

 The Secretary-General's duties include:

helping resolve international disputes,

administering peacekeeping operations, organizing international conferences, gathering information on the implementation of Security Council decisions, and

consulting with member governments regarding various initiatives.

International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, Netherlands. It consists of 15 judges elected by the Security Council and

General Assembly, each voting independently.

Each judge has to be from a different country. No two judges can belong to the same country. They are elected for a term of 9 years and may b re-elected.

 Its purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court hears cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference.

The court performs an important function by giving advisory

opinion on legal matters referred to it by the General Assembly or Security Council.

Economic and Social Council

It is the principal organ for coordinating the economic and social work of the UN system. ECOSOC has 54 members, all of which are elected by the

General Assembly for a three-year term.

Retiring members are eligible for re-election. Usually the council holds two sessions a year, but it can meet as often as necessary.

 Functions and powers are:

to make policies on global economic, cultural, social and

educational issues. To make recommendations on international economic, social,

cultural, educational , health and related matters.

To promote respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.

To prepare draft conventions for submission to the General

Assembly on matters within its scope.

Objectives
Peacekeeping and security

Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are
voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988. Human rights and humanitarian assistance The pursuit of human rights was a central reason for creating the UN. The UN Charter obliges all member nations to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights" and to take "joint and separate action" to that end.

 Social and economic development

Organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), UNAIDS, and The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria are leading institutions in the battle against diseases around the world, especially in poor countries. The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF) Other Over the lifetime of the UN, over 80 colonies have attained independence. The UN has focused considerable attention on decolonization. Using the symbolism of the UN, various days and years are celebrated for advancing key issues of concern on a global scale. For example, World Tuberculosis Day, Earth Day

Specialized agencies of Uno

ILO- established in 1919. 175 members. Policies and programmes to
improve working and living conditions of workers.

FAO- established in 1945. aims to raise level of nutrition and standards of

living and to improve the production, processing, marketing and distribution of all food and agricultural products.

WHO- setup in 1946. promote and protect the health of all people, fighting
diseases.

UNESCO-set up in 1946. aims to contribute to peace and security in the

world by encouraging nations to work jointly.

UNICEF-setup in 1946. provide community based services in primary

health care, nutrition, basic education and safe water and sanitation.

IBRD- setup in 1945. gives loan to govt. or private business enterprises at

reasonable rate of interests for high priority projects.

IMF- set up in 1945. helps establish a stable exchange rate system and removes
exchange restrictions which affect world trade.

INDIAs role in UNO

India has been playing a significant role in promoting world peace through the United Nations. Whenever the United Nations force was set up for peace-keeping, India offered her services. Indian troops have taken part in some of the most difficult operations. India has risked the lives of its soldiers in peace-keeping efforts in a large number of operations. In every operation, Indian soldiers have proved their professional excellence. Indian armed forces helped in the maintenance of peace in Korea, Egypt, and Congo. India has consistently supported UN efforts for ending colonialism and racial discrimination.

 India has been participating in the activities of the UN agencies like the ILO, the UNESCO and the UNCTAD. It has been getting valuable assistance from UN bodies like the World Bank, UNICEF, Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health

Organization.
Among the eminent Indians who have held important positions in the UN system are jurists Mr. B. N. Rau, and Dr. N. Singh. Mrs. V. Pundit was the first lady to be elected as President of the General Assembly. Dr. S. Krishnan had occupied the highest position in the UNESCO.

UNCTAD
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964. It is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. The organization's goals are to "maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis. The Conference ordinarily meets once in four years. Currently, UNCTAD has 194 member States and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. UNCTAD has 400 staff members

ORIGIN
In the early 1960s, growing concerns about the place of developing countries in international trade led many of these countries to call for the convening of a full-fledged conference specifically devoted to tackling these problems and identifying appropriate international actions. The first United Nations Conference on Trade and

Development (UNCTAD) was held in Geneva in 1964.

THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The conference
The highest decision-making body of UNCTAD is the quadrennial conference, at which member States make assessments of current trade and development issues, discuss policy options and formulate global policy responses. The conference is a subsidiary organ of the United Nations General Assembly. They allow intergovernmental consensus building regarding the state of the world economy and development policies, and play a key role in identifying the role of the United Nations and UNCTAD in addressing economic development problems.

The Trade and Development Board

UNCTADs work is guided by the Trade and Development Board.
Board membership is open to all States members of UNCTAD. The Board meets in Geneva once a year in regular session and up to three times a year in executive sessions to deal with ad hoc policy and institutional issues.

The Commissions
This Board has three Commissions that meet once a year to address policy issues in specific areas and provide guidance for the work of the secretariat. These Commissions are: The Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities The Commission on Investment, Technology and Related Financial Issues The Commission on Enterprise, Business Facilitation and Development These Commissions allow Governments to exchange views on policy issues in their respective ambits. decisions of the Commissions are taken by consensus, and thus agreed conclusions and recommendations reflect the collective political will of UNCTADs membership.

Expert Meetings
The work of the Commissions is supported by discussions among specialized technical experts in specific fields. Up to 10 such Expert Meetings are convened by the

Commissions every year.

They allow the Government representatives attending the Commissions to take advantage of valuable technical input from academics, practitioners and the private sector.

OBJECTIVES
To promote international trade all over the world-between developed and developing countries with different socio-economic system. To formulate principles and policies on international trade and related problems of economic development. To make proposal for putting the said principles and policies into effect. To review and facilitate the co-ordination of activities of the other institutions within the U.N. system in the field of international trade. To be available as a centre for harmonious trade and related documents in the development policies of governments.

UNCTADs impact on India

India grants and receives concessions under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) and the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP) as a member and participant to these preferential schemes. Furthermore, India grants preferences to goods from Bhutan, Burma, Egypt, Mauritius, Nepal, Seychelles and Tonga. On 8 of October 2003, India signed an economic cooperation framework with ASEAN members, i.e. Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The economic framework calls for tariff reduction or elimination by 2011 for nonagricultural imported goods between India and Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, and by 2016 on goods traded between India and Burma, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

 Among the many bilateral trade agreements, India signed major trade agreements with Russia, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Kazakhstan, Mauritius, Seychelles and Tonga. India signed with Afghanistan on 6 March 2003, a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) which provides reduction of tariffs and promotes free movement of goods between the two countries. Licensing and discretionary controls over imports have been gradually replaced by the India's Ex-Im policy, which means that goods are importable without restrictions and without a license as long as they are regulated by the rules of the general provisions regarding imports and exports, or any other law being in force.

Ministry of HRD

Mid Day Meal Scheme Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

Mid Day Meal Scheme

The Midday Meal Scheme is the popular name for school meal programme

in India which started in the 1960s.

It involves provision of lunch free of cost to school-children on all working days. The key objectives of the programme are: protecting children from classroom hunger, increasing school enrollment and attendance, improved socialization among children belonging to all castes,

addressing malnutrition, and

social empowerment through provision of employment to women.

 The scheme has a long history, especially in the state of Tamil Nadu. The success of this scheme is illustrated by the tremendous increase in the school participation and completion rates in Tamil Nadu. It has been adopted by most Indian states after a landmark direction by the Supreme Court of India on November 28,

2001.

Meal Provision
Since its inspection, the scheme has been revised from time to time

and the present provisions are as given below:1.Free supply of food grains @ 100 grams per child per school day at Primary and @ 150 grams per child per school day at Upper Primary. 2. In addition to food grains, a mid day meal involves major input, viz., cost of cooking. Cost of cooking includes cost of ingredients, e.g. pulses, vegetables, cooking oil and condiments.

3. A separate provision for payment to cook-cum-helper @ Rs.

1000/- per month has been made. One cook-cum-helper may

be engaged in a school having upto 25 students, two cookscum-helpers for schools having 26 to 100 students and one

additional cook-cum-helper for every addition of up to 100

students. 4. Provision of mid day meal during summer vacation in drought affected areas

 The cost of construction of Kitchen-cum-store is determined on the basis of State Schedule of Rates and the plinth area norm laid down by the Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India depending on the number of children studying in schools. Provide assistance in a phased manner for provisioning and replacement of kitchen devices at an average cost of Rs. 5,000 per school.

Food norm with effect from 1-12-2009 Quantity per day/Child S. No. Items Upper Primary Primary 1 Foodgrains 100 gms 150 gms 2 Pulses 20 gms 30 gms Vegetables (leafy 3 also) 50 gms 75 gms 4 Oil & fat 5 gms 7.5 gms 5 Salt & condiments As per need As per need

Nutritional Support
Cooked mid-day meals provides To achieve the objectives of the Scheme, the guidelines prescribe the following nutritional content in the mid day meal:

Components Calories Protein Micro-nutrients

Primary Upper Primary 450 Cal 700 Cal 12 gms. 20 gms. Adequate quantities of micro-nutrients like Iron, Folic Acid , Vitamin-A etc.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is Government of India's flagship programme for achievement of Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) in a time bound manner. SSA is being implemented in partnership with State Governments to cover

the entire country and address the needs of 192 million children in 1.1
million habitations. The programme seeks to open new schools in those habitations which do not have schooling facilities and strengthen existing school infrastructure through provision of additional class rooms, toilets, drinking water, maintenance grant and school improvement grants.

 Existing schools with inadequate teacher strength are provided with

additional teachers, while the capacity of existing teachers is being

strengthened by extensive training, grants for developing teaching-learning materials and strengthening of the academic support structure at a cluster,

block and district level.

SSA seeks to provide quality elementary education including life skills. SSA has a special focus on girl's education and children with special needs.

SSA also seeks to provide computer education to bridge the digital divide.