CHAPTER 3 THERMAL CONTROL

THERMAL CONTROL
Source of heat in the buildings
Source of heat -Natural heat - sun -Artificial heat lamps

Heat source from outside of the buildings

Heat source from inside of the buildings

1. Heat from the building structures. 2. Sun radiation 3. Heat from the hot air outdoor which infiltrate throufh ventilation system and holes.

1. Heat comes from dwellers (body heat & human activities) 2. Heat from electrical appliances used in the building.

PRINSIP PEMGALIRAN HABA DALAM BANGUNAN Heat transfer and heat exchange Heat transfer from hot objects to cooler objects. Hot Cold

Heat conductor Heat resistance toward heat transfer R-value the heat resistance

Heat insulator

towards heat transfer.

Measurement of heat transfer must know the temperature of both sides of the wall. U factor is the energy through 1 ft material in 1 hour for every degree F difference. ( Unit :Btu/fthrF) R-value U factor good insulator

Heat transfer is influenced by : Mass Form Liquid

1. 2. Random movement of molecule with mild velocity. The volume is constant but it follows container. Cth : Suhu 1 butir bara Suhu 1 baldi air panas Haba 1 butir bara Haba 1 baldi air panas

Solid

1. 2.

Molecular movement at the same place. Stiff and unyielding form. It has a specific form.

Gases
Random movement, free and high velocity 2. Freely follows any form. 1. 2. Temperature 3. 1.

it is not the same as heat Measure in degree of heat Tool of measurement : thermometer

1.

Measured in C F & K (Heat is measured in Btu(1Btu = 1.055kJ)

Q tve

Heat

1. 2. 3.

Transfer from hot to cold objects Heat transfer Unit in Joule & unit for heat transfer isWatt@ J/s
Q=0

Q -ve

Adiabatic = no transfer of heat Complete insulation cause less or no heat is released.

Heat transfer, heat resistance & insulation Overall heat transfer coefficient U= Q T1 T2
Q =Total heat across a unit area T1 = outside heat T2 = inside heat

Heat resistance

R= 1 U

Example : The increase of concrete thickness from 6 inches to 8 inches ( 33%++) will only increase R value from 1.66 fthF (Btu)to 1.88 fthF (Btu). But if 2 materials are used as walls the R value is greater: For example: 2 wool/fiber wool + 6 concrete total R = 9.07 1.88 fthF (Btu) R = 1.66 1.88 fthF (Btu) RT = 10.73 1.88 fthF (Btu)

Question Calculate the resistance of a wall to the heat from the sun. m = 3600g T1 = 31F T2 = 26F Specific heat =0.88 joule/gC

Calculation 1. Q = mcT = 3600g (0.88)(31-26) = 15843 Joule = 15.843 kJ 2. U = Q___ T1 T2. = 15.843 31 26 = 3.1686 W/mC

3. R = 1/ U = ___1___ 3.1686 = 0.316 Btu

This wall is not a good insulator instead it is a good conductor

Aluminum has a specific heat of 0.902 J/goC. How much heat is lost when a piece of aluminum with a mass of 23.984 g cools from a temperature of 415.0oC to a temperature of 22.0 oC?
q=? m = 23.984 g T = (415.0 oC - 22.0 oC) = 393.0 oC C = 0.902 J/g x oC q = mc(DT) q = m(DT)Cp

q = 23.984 g x 393.0 oC x 0.902 J/g x oC

q = 8.50 x 103 J

INSULATION

1. Important to control thermal in building especially in the cold weather. 2. It save energy cost.

Temperature in a building can be moderated by using

Cavity wall 1. Air trapped in cavity walls is used as insulation materials for buildings 2. Example :

insulator

Heat reflector
1. Good reflector is a good onsulator. 2. Example: Bright metal foil placed under the roof materials

1. Material that trap heat from air. 2. Example of heat insulators:

Wood, foam, light fiber, wool, polystyrene,

Attic ventilation, 2 layers wall

Heat transfer through cavity wall

Cavity wall insulation
1. Cavity wall consist of 2 rows of walls and 1 layer of empty /hollow space or filled with insulation materials. 2. Air in the empty space between the 2 layer of walls transfer heat through convection . 1. Reduce the loss/gain of heat energy through cavity wall 2. This cavity wall is more efficient when the cavity space between he 2 layer of walls is filled with porous materials. 3. The insulation materials will prevent any heat teansfer occur in the cavity area/space.

A TYPICAL CAVITY WALL WITH INSULATION CONSTRUCTION

INSULATION IN CAVITY WALL INSULATOR Outside wall Inside wall 1. Porous insulation materials will trap the heat that comes from outside. 2. The trapped heat in the cavity space will moves in a convection cycle. 3. The heated air that is lighter moves up and sip through a hole made in the outside wall.

INSULATION FOR NORMAL/SINGLE WALL

insulator vapor barrier

Plaster board

DURATION OF HEAT CONDUCTIVITY THROUGH WALL Non insulated wall with Dinding tidak bertebat, kekisi keluli Wood wall (25 mm) Concrete wall (200mm) Marble wall Insulator materials Galvanised hexagon wire netting Sheep wool Aluminum foil Fiber glass Eco insulator Reflective thin insulator A few seconds

20 minutews 3 hours 3 day

HEAT LOSS FROM BUILDING

25%

10%

15% 35%

15%

Roof insulation

Objectives : 1. Safe cost & electric bill 2. Good investment

Pitched roof/ bumbung rabung

1. Insulator : fiber glass, mineral fiber which is placed between roof joist and placed in sheets. 2. Another roof isolation methods : Fiber glass/ mineral fiber is blown into the attic, in and outside of the joist.

Pitched roof/ bumbung rata

1. Depends on the roof structure. 2. New concrete slab semi insulated panel for example polystyrene phenolic foam board which is placed under the roof 3. New wood structure --- Panel of fiber glass placed between roof slab.

Window insulation 1. The weakest element in preventing heat conductivity. 2. Single glaze window transfer 10X heat from insulated wall 3. Methods of heat control a. Limit the number of window b. Limit the window size c. insulation

Air trapped in between glass and curtains/blinders/shades acts as insulation

curtains

Glass window

Air trapped as heat insulator

Intensity of sunlight penetration into buildings

Main Problem of natural sun light

Cannot separate between heat energy and light energy since both come from the same source.

Methods of preventing heat and sunlight penetrate into buildings.

Ample usage of shading and shelters 1. Plants 2. Awnings 3. curtains Color and types of materials chosen for building envelop 1. Avoid using materials that are heat conductors - koncrete, steel 2. Colors dark/opaque(legap) (absorb heat/light) & light/shining (reflect heat/light) Suitable building orientation 1. Openings shouldnt face the morning and afternoon sunlight.

WAYS OF SUNLIGHT PENERATE INTO BUILDINGS

Sunlight absorb in the air

Direct sunlight

Direct sunlight Indoor reflection of sunlight

Outdoor reclection of sunlight

MATERIALS USED TO PREVENT SUNLIGHT PENETRATION

Transparent surface (Lutsinar)

1. Transmit most of the light. 2. materials let light pass through them in straight lines, so that you can see clearly through them. 3. Glass is an example of a transparent material.

Opaque surface (legap)

1. 2. 3. 4. Block the light path and produce shadow. materials do not let any light pass through them. They block the light. Wood is an example of an opaque material.

Translucent surface(lutcahaya)
1. Allowing minimal light to pass through but not transparent. 2. materials let some light through, but they scatter the light in all directions, so that you cannot see clearly through them. 3. Tissue paper is an example of a translucent material.

BUILDING ENVELOP EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE FACTORS

RAIN

RAIN SUN WIND WIND

SUN

Lower Buildings Critical element is roof Higher buildings Critical element is walls

Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity is defined as the quantity of heat (Q) transmitted through a unit thickness (L) in a direction normal to a surface of unit area (A) due to a unit temperature gradient (T) under steady state conditions and when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient. In equation form this becomes the following:

Thermal Conductivity = heat distance / (area temperature gradient)

= Q L / (A T)
1 W/(mK) = 1 W/(moC) = 0.85984 kcal/(hr moC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft hr oF)

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IN A BUILDING

U FACTOR (Heat transmittance) is the rate of transfer of heat (in watts) through one square meter of a structure divided by the difference in temperature across the structure. i. It is expressed in watts per square Meter per Kelvin, or W/mK. ii. Well-insulated parts of a building have a low thermal transmittance whereas poorlyinsulated parts of a building have a high thermal

Typical thermal transmittance values for common building structures are as follows: single glazing: 5.7 W/mK; single glazed windows: 4.5 W/mK; double glazed windows: 3.3 W/mK; double glazed windows w/ advanced coatings: 2.2 W/mK; triple glazed windows, allowing for frames: 1.8 W/mK; well-insulated roofs: 0.15 W/mK; poorly-insulated roofs: 1.0 W/mK; well-insulated walls: 0.25 W/mK; poorly-insulated walls: 1.5 W/mK; well-insulated floors: 0.2 W/mK; poorly-insulated floors: 1.0 W/mK;

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IN A BUILDING THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE (U-FACTOR)

U = 1 / Rt
U = 1 / (Rsi + R1 + R2 + Rso) Rt = (X1/K1) + (X2/K2) + (X3/K3) + . U = 1/ ((X1/K1) + (X2/K2) + (X3/K3) + .
Rsi = Inside heat resistance surface Rso = Outside heat resistance surface Rt = Total heat resistance X = material thickness K = thermal conductivity U = U factor(thermal transmittance)

A wall is made of pine wood 0.3m, foam board 0.02m and asbestos panel 0.01m. Calculate the thermal transmittance of the wall. Given thermal conductivity of pine wood is 0.546, foam board is 0.378 and asbestos panel is 0.546

A flat roof is made of concrete with a thickness of 150mm and 20mm asphalt. The condition of the roof is protected. Calculate the heat transmittance of the roof. Given the thermal conductivity of the asphalt is1.2 kJ/hr/m/C and concrete is 1.4 kJ/hr/m/C. The heat resistance inside surface is 0.11 and outside surface is 0.07.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IN A BUILDING

Heat increases in building through several ways. 1. Heat through conduction 2. Heat through ventilation and infiltration 3. Heat from inside the building HEAT FROM CONDUCTION 1. Heat from the sun is absorb through windows, walls and roof into the building. 2. Depends on the difference of indoor and outdoor temperature. 3. Heat conducted is also depending on the types and surface area of the building materials. 4. Each building material has different thermal transmittance value.

Q = A X U X TD
Q = Total thermal conductivity A = Area surface U = Thermal transmittance TD= Temperature difference

A brick wall with a size of 9m X 3m and thickness of 105 mm has thermal transmittance of 3.0. The temperature outside is 32 C and inside temperature is 22C. Calculate the total thermal conductivity of the wall.

A floor of a room is cooled. The room size is 4m X 2m and is made by mortar, concrete and tiles. The estimated earth temperature is 32C and the intended indoor temperature of the room is 26C. If the U factor of the floor is 6.72 . Calculate the heat that seep through the floor.

HEAT FROM VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION 1. Sensible and latent heat in the air is transmit into a building through ventilation and infiltrate through small openings between windows and doors. 2. The amount of heat that transmitted into a building depends on the wind velocity and opening sizes. 3. Heat sources from outside depends on the climate, sunlight and time exposure. 4. The use of protection can reduce the thermal transmittance into the building. 5. The usage of outside protection can reduce 25% of heat U factor 6. The usage of inside protection can reduce 65% of heat U factor

Q = A X U X TD X Protection Factor
Q = Total thermal conductivity A = Area surface U = Thermal transmittance TD= Temperature difference

Imagine an office has 4 windows. Each window is 1.5m. Two of the window are facing west (with inside protection) and 1 window each is facing south and north. Assume the U factor for glass is 6. Calculate the increase of heat from all the four windows at 4 oclock. Given the protection factor of the window is 0.89.
Table : Difference of sun temperature for glass ( 10 am and 4.0 pm).
Direction of exposure South Temperature difference 10.00 am 9 4 pm 9

South East
East North east North North west West South west

26
59 86 57 8 8 8

9
8 8 18 68 97 80

Q = A X U X TD X Protection Factor
Facing east (2 windows) Facing south (1 windows)

Facing north (1 windows)

HEAT FROM INSIDE THE BUILDING 1. Heat that comes from inside of the room. 2. For example : heat produced by human activities and electrical appliances. 3. Heat produced by human depends on the size, sex and type of physical activities.

Q = No. of occupants X (latent heat + sensible heat) X hour

BUTIRAN WATT HABA DERIA HABA PENDAAM 550 800 260 1900 1000 Watt masuk Watt masuk Watt masuk Kadar watt X 1.25 Watt masuk 100 200 65 600 1000 -

Pengering rambut (serkup) Pengering rambut semburan Penulas kopi kecil Penulas kopi saiz 5kW Pemanas makanan (setiap m luas) Mesin elektronok Motor Peti sejuk Lampu pendarflour Lmpu pijar

An office has 15 workers. The room temperature of the office is 24 C. The latent and sensible heat produced in that room is measured at 75W and 65 W. Calculate the total heat produced in that office.
Q = No. of occupants X (latent + sensible) X hour

Basic principle of adopting natural lighting in the building

The main problem of natural lighting is separation between heat energy and lighting because they come from the same source (Sun).

Day lighting
1. Day lighting is the practice of placing window or other openings and reflective surfaces so that during the day natural lighting provides effective internal lighting. 2. Particular attention is given to day lighting while designing a building when the aim is to maximize visual comfort or to reduce energy use.

Methods allowing natural lighting to enter/ penetrate into the building :

Windows are the most common way to admit daylight into a space

The light shelf projects beyond the shadow created by the eave and reflects sunlight upward to illuminate the ceiling. This reflected light can contain little heat content .

Skylight is any horizontal window, Roof lantern or Oculus, placed at the roof of the building, often used for day lighting

Tubular Day lighting Devices (TDDs) use modern technology to transmit visible light through opaque walls and roofs. which is placed into a roof and admits light to a focused area of the interior. These somewhat resemble recessed ceiling light fixtures Clerestory windows are high, verticallyplaced windows. They can be used to increase direct solar gain when oriented towards the equator. When facing toward the sun,

Methods of preventing heat from the sun but allowing natural lighting to enter/penetrate into the building :

Shading Devices
Exterior Shades roof overhangs, awnings, shutters, louvers, blinds, and solar screens.

Interior Shades
Draperies and Curtains, Venetian Blinds, Roller Shades

Shading Devices
1. Shading is a cooling technique. 2. Effectively shading a house can reduce indoor temperatures by as much as 20 degrees F. 3. The main ways to create useful shade are through planting vegetation and placing architectural obstructions (e.g. overhangs and awnings) between the sun's light and the house 4. Another effective way to control solar heat gain is by using overhangs, porches, awnings, or interior shades. 5. Exterior shades are generally much more effective than interior shades because they do not allow sunlight to reach the windows.

Vegetation
a well placed plant can deliver effective, cool shade, as well as add to the aesthetic value of the property.

Trees The height, growth rate, branch spread, and shape are factors to consider in choosing a tree. Trees that drop their leaves at the start of the heating season and sprout their leaves at the start of the cooling season help cut cooling costs the most. Placement of the trees is of great importance

The light that is radiated to an object distribute in 3 ways.

Reflected , r
Absorbed , a Radiated , t
In all cases , r + a + t = 1 In opaque object ,t =0 r+a=1 a t r

Advantages of Natural lighting

1. Give the 3D effect to the abject seen. 2. Provide the clear picture of the condition outside. 3. Natural sunlight provide the intensity value of 500 lux on the earth surface during clear sky.

Disadvantages of natural sunlight

1. The changes is out of control in term of quality and quantity. 2. The light that penetrate through windows is limited to the size of opening. 3. A lot of heat loss is through windows

Artificial lighting.
Selection factors of types of artificial lighting
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Quantity of light Natural lighting Energy usage Cost Physical characteristic

Lamp/lighting characteristics
1. Life span 2. Color 3. Temperature/ heat

Advantages in combining the natural and artificial lighting.

1. 2. 3. 4. Indoor lighting is free from glare (silau) Produce a lively and non boring situation. Provide a perfect lighting for working condition. Able to produce a comfortable visual environment.

Angle of the sun radiation

1. Sun altitude angle Vertical angle of the observer in between the horizontal lines and the lines that connect the sun and the observer.

The altitude angle (sometimes referred to as the "solar elevation angle") describes how high the sun appears in the sky. The angle is measured between an imaginary line between the observer and the sun and the horizontal plane the observer is standing on. The altitude angle is negative when the sun drops below the horizon.

Angle of the sun radiation

2. Sun azimuth angle.

The vector from an observer (origin) to a point of interest is projected perpendicularly onto a reference plane; the angle between the projected vector and the reference vector on the reference plane is called the azimuth.