Jakabson , Nida and

New mark theories of Equivalence.

 Jakobson and the concept of equivalence in

difference he suggests three kinds of translation: Intralingual (within one language, i.e. rewording or paraphrase)
Interlingual (between two languages) Intersemiotic (between sign systems)

 Jakobson claims that, in the case of interlingual

translation, the translator makes use of synonyms in order to get the ST message across. This means that in interlingual translations there is no full equivalence between code units. According to his theory, 'translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes' (ibid.:233).

 In addition to this, even if the language differs

from one person to another, this doesnt mean that the translator wont find equivalence. Jakobson provides many examples by comparing English and Russian language structures and explains that in some cases where there is no a literal equivalent for a particular ST word or sentence, then the translator can freely choose the most suitable way to render it in the TT.

 There seems to be some similarity between Vinay and

Darbelnet's theory of translation procedures and Jakobson's theory of translation. Both theories stress the fact that, whenever a linguistic approach is no longer suitable to carry out a translation, the translator can rely on other procedures such as loan-translations, neologisms..etc. Both theories recognize the limitations of a linguistic theory and argue that a translation can never be impossible since there are several methods that the translator can choose. The role of the translator is clear in both theories. Both Vinay and Darbelnet as well as Jakobson conceive the translation task as something which can always be carried out from one language to another, regardless of the cultural or grammatical differences between ST and TT.

 Moreover, the grammatical pattern of a

language determines those aspects of each experience that must be expressed in the given language. (Jakobson, 1959:235-6).

 In Grammatical equivalence, 4.1 Grammatical vs Lexical

Categories: Grammar is organized in 2 main dimensions which are morphology and syntax. Morphology covers the structure of words such as: man/men , child/children. While Syntax covers the grammatical structure of groups, clauses and sentences such as noun, verb, adverb and adjective and functional elements such as subject, predicator and object which are allowed in a given language. The syntactic structure of a language imposes certain restrictions on the way messages may be organized in that language.

 Nida: Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal correspondance and dynamic equivalence. Formal correspondence 'focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content', unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon 'the principle of equivalent effect' (1964:159). Formal correspondence consists of a TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a SL word or phrase.

 Dynamic Equivalence .. ?

 Nida prefered using the application of dynamic

equivalence, as a more influential translation procedure.

Newmark
The topic of cohesion..has always appeared to me the most useful constitution of discourse analysis or text

linguistics applicable to translation (Newmark, 1987:295). Cohesion is the network of lexical , grammatical and other relations which provide links between various parts of a text. (These ties allow the reader to interpret expressions and words according to the other near sentences and paragraphs).

 Newmark also distinguishes between communicative and semantic translation to relate the two translation processes focusing on ST and TT.
Communicative Translation aims to achieve an effect on the TT receptor that is somehow close to the effect made by the ST on the original receptor. Unlike Semantic translation, its purpose is to render (translate) the contextual meaning of the ST within the semantic and syntactic structures of the TL as closely as possible.

 References
Mundays book. http://translationjournal.net/journal/14equiv.ht

m http://www.listphile.com/Translation_Theory_ Glossary/Newmark