ANTIBODY ENGINEERING Click to edit Master subtitle style

Prepared by: Alyssa Mari A. Reyes

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Antibodies
Also known as immunoglobulins (Ig) Gamma globulin proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates Used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses. Typically made of basic structural unitseach with two large heavy chains and two small light chains- to form, momomers, dimers, polymers or pentamers

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Antibodies
Produced by a subset of lymphocytes called B cells. B cells that are stimulated will actively secrete antibodies and are called plasma cells can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of aB celland is referred to as the B cell receptor.

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ANTIGEN

Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.

Microbes:

Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc. Nonmicrobes: Pollen, egg white , red blood cell surface molecules, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue. Molecular weight of 10,000 or higher.

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ANTIGEN
Substance

that evokes the production of one or more antibodies. Each antibody binds to a specific antigen by way of an interaction similar to the fit between a lock and a key. The substance may be from the external environment or formed within the body. The immune system will try to destroy or neutralize any antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially harmful invader.
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ANTIGEN
Epitope: q Small part of an antigen that interacts with an antibody. q Any given antigen may have several epitopes. q Each epitope is recognized by a different antibody.

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Antibodies are Proteins that Recognize Specific Antigens

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Epitopes: Antigen Regions that Interact with Antibodies

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ISotypes

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Class/isotype switching
Isotype or class switching is a biological process occurring after activation of the B cell, which allows the cell to produce different classes of antibody (IgA, IgE, or IgG). Class switching occurs in the heavy chain gene locus by a mechanism called class switch recombination (CSR). This mechanism relies on conserved nucleotide motifs, called ''switch (S) regions'', found in DNAupstream of each constant region gene (except in the -chain). The DNA strand is broken by the activity of a series of enzymes at two selected S-regions. The variable domain exon is rejoined through a process called non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) to the desired constant region (, or ). This process results in an immunoglobulin gene that encodes an antibody of a different isotype.

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Consequences of AntigenAntigen-Antibody Complex: Formed when an antibody Antibody Binding

binds to an antigen it recognizes.
1.

Affinity: A measure of binding strength. Agglutination: Antibodies cause antigens (microbes) to clump together. IgM (decavalent) is more effective that IgG (bivalent). Hemagglutination: Agglutination of red blood cells. 2. Opsonization: Antigen (microbe) is covered with antibodies that enhances its ingestion and lysis by phagocytic cells. 3. Neutralization: IgG inactivates viruses by binding to their surface and neutralize toxins by blocking their active sites.
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AggLutination

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Neutralization/Opzonisation

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Antibody Function
Contribute to humoral immune system: 1. Prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them 2. Stimulate removal of pathogens by macrophages and other cells by coating the pathogen 3. Trigger destruction of pathogens by stimulating other immune responses such as the complement pathway.

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