Chapter 6

2nd Law of Thermo-Dynamics

What is 1
st
Law of thermodynamics ?

Violation of 2
nd
Law
This discussion leads us to a conclusion that processes proceed in a
certain direction and not in the reverse direction.

Draw back in the first law is that id does not place a restriction on the
direction of a process, but satisfying the first law does not ensure that
the process can actually occur.

The second law of thermodynamics addresses this inadequacy.




A process cannot occur unless it satisfies both the first and the second
laws of thermodynamics.
5
The use of the second law of thermodynamics also tells us that energy
has quality as well as quantity. The first law is concerned with the
quantity of energy and the transformations of energy from one form to
another with no regard to its quality. Preserving the quality of energy is
a major concern to engineers, and the second law provides the
necessary means to determine the quality as well as the degree of
degradation of energy during a process.
Quality and Quantity
Some Basic Concepts

Thermal Energy (Heat) reservoir

A heat reservoir is a sufficiently large system in stable equilibrium to
which and from which finite amounts of heat can be transferred
without any (significant) change in its temperature.

A high temperature heat reservoir from which heat is transferred is
sometimes called a heat source. A low temperature heat reservoir
to which heat is transferred is sometimes called a heat sink.

i.e. large bodies of water such as oceans, lakes, and rivers as well
as the atmospheric air can be modeled accurately as thermal energy
reservoirs because of their large thermal energy storage capabilities
or thermal masse
A two-phase system can be modeled as a reservoir also since it can
absorb and release large quantities of heat while remaining at constant
temperature.

Another familiar example of a thermal energy reservoir is the industrial
furnace as it is kept at constant temperature.

Work reservoir

A work reservoir is a sufficiently large system in stable equilibrium to
which and from which finite amounts of work can be transferred
adiabatically without any change in its pressure.

8
Heat Engine
Consider arrangements shown in figure (a) & (b). The mechanical work done
by the shaft, is first converted to the internal energy of the water. This energy
may then leave the water as heat.

What if we reverse this process ?

Transferring heat to the water will cause the shaft to rotate ?

Surely NO.

So we can say that work can be converted to heat directly and completely, but
converting heat to work requires the use of some special devices. These
devices are called heat engines.
a b
Heat Engine

A heat engine is a thermodynamic system operating in a thermodynamic cycle to
which net heat is transferred and from which net work is delivered.

The system, or working fluid, undergoes a series of processes that constitute the
heat engine cycle.

The following figure illustrates a steam power plant as a heat engine operating in
a thermodynamic cycle.
Heat engines and other cyclic devices
usually involve a fluid to and from which
heat is transferred while undergoing a
cycle. This fluid is called the working fluid.
, net out out in
W W W =
, net out in out
W Q Q =
Basic characteristics of Heat Engine are:

They receive heat from a high-temperature source
(solar energy, oil furnace, nuclear reactor, etc.).

They convert part of this heat to work (usually in the
form of a rotating shaft).

They reject the remaining waste heat to a low
temperature sink (the atmosphere, rivers, etc.).

They operate on a cycle.
Heat Engine

Thermal Efficiency

We know


Q
out
represents the magnitude of the energy
wasted in order to complete the cycle. But Q
out
is
never zero; thus, the net work output of a heat
engine is always less than the amount of heat
input. That is, only part of the heat transferred to
the heat engine is converted to work. The fraction
of the heat input that is converted to net work
output is a measure of the performance of a heat
engine and is called the thermal efficiency
th .

, net out in out
W Q Q =
The thermal efficiency is the index of performance
of a work-producing device or a heat engine and is
defined by the ratio of the net work output (the
desired result) to the heat input (the costs to obtain
the desired result).
q
th
=
Desired Result
Required Input
q
th
net out
in
W
Q
=
,
where
W W W
Q Q
net out out in
in net
,
=
=
Here the use of the in and out subscripts means to use the magnitude (take the
positive value) of either the work or heat transfer and let the minus sign in the net
expression take care of the direction.

Continue to next slide
For heat engines, the desired output is the net work output, and the
required input is the amount of heat supplied to the working fluid. Then
the thermal efficiency of a heat engine can be expressed as:
Network out put
Total Heat input
th
q =
Q W U
W Q
W Q Q
net in net out
net out net in
net out in out
, ,
, ,
,
=
=
=
A
The cycle thermal efficiency may be written as
q
th
net out
in
in out
in
out
in
W
Q
Q Q
Q
Q
Q
=
=

=
,
1
Now apply the first law to the cyclic heat engine
The thermal efficiency of the above device becomes
q
th
L
H
Q
Q
= 1
Cyclic devices such as heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps often operate
between a high-temperature reservoir at temperature T
H
and a low-temperature
reservoir at temperature T
L
.
15
Can we save Q
out
?

Is it possible to transfer the 85 kJ of excess heat at
90C back to the reservoir at 100C for later use?
16

Second Law Statements


Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law

It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat
from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work.

The Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics
states that no heat engine can produce a net amount of work while
exchanging heat with a single reservoir only. In other words, the
maximum possible efficiency is less than 100 percent.
q
th < 100%
Heat engine that violates the Kelvin-Planck
statement of the second law
17
Heat Pump

A heat pump is a thermodynamic system operating in a thermodynamic cycle
that removes heat from a low-temperature body and delivers heat to a high-
temperature body. To accomplish this energy transfer, the heat pump receives
external energy in the form of work or heat from the surroundings.

While the name heat pump is the thermodynamic term used to describe a
cyclic device that allows the transfer of heat energy from a low temperature to a
higher temperature, we use the terms refrigerator and heat pump to apply to
particular devices.


Refrigerator is a device that operates on a
thermodynamic cycle and extracts heat
from a low-temperature medium.
The heat pump also operates on a
thermodynamic cycle but rejects heat to
the high-temperature medium.
18
Refrigerator as a heat pump operating in a
thermodynamic cycle.
19
For the heat pump acting like a refrigerator or an air
conditioner, the primary function of the device is the
transfer of heat from the low- temperature system.
For the refrigerator the desired result is the heat supplied at the
low temperature ( heat removed from space) and the input is the
net work into the device to make the cycle operate.
COP
Q
W
R
L
net in
=
,
Coefficient of Performance, COP

The index of performance of a refrigerator or heat pump is
expressed in terms of the coefficient of performance, COP, the
ratio of desired result to input. This measure of performance
may be larger than 1, and we want the COP to be as large as
possible.
COP =
Desired Result
Required Input
20
Now apply the first law to the cyclic refrigerator.
( ) ( )
,
Q Q W U
W W Q Q
L H in cycle
in net in H L
= =
= =
0 0 A
and the coefficient of performance becomes
COP
Q
Q Q
R
L
H L
=

For the device acting like a heat pump, the primary function of the device is
the transfer of heat to the high-temperature system. The coefficient of
performance for a heat pump is
COP
Q
W
Q
Q Q
HP
H
net in
H
H L
= =

,
Note, under the same operating conditions the COP
HP
and COP
R
are related by
COP COP
HP R
= +1
21

Clausius statement of the second law

The Clausius statement of the second law states that it is impossible to
construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than
the transfer of heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher-temperature
body.

Or energy from the surroundings in the form of work or heat
has to be expended to force heat to flow from a low-
temperature medium to a high-temperature medium.

Thus, the COP of a refrigerator or heat pump must be less
than infinity.
COP<
Heat pump that violates the Clausius
statement of the 2nd law
COP
Q
W
R
L
net in
=
,
22



Heat Pump and Air Conditioner Ratings

Heat pumps and air conditioners are rated using the SEER system. SEER is
the Seasonal adjusted Energy Efficiency Rating. The SEER rating is the
amount of heating (cooling) on a seasonal basis in Btu/hr per unit rate of
power expended in watts, W.

The heat transfer rate is often given in terms of tons of heating or cooling.
One ton equals 12,000 Btu/hr = 211 kJ/min.


23
The food compartment of a refrigerator is maintained at 4C by removing heat
from it at a rate of 360 kJ/min. If the required power input to the refrigerator is 2
kW, determine (a) the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator and (b) the
rate of heat rejection to the room that houses the refrigerator.

(a) The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is



That is, 3 kJ of heat is removed from the refrigerated space for each kJ of
work supplied.

(b) The rate at which heat is rejected to the room that houses the refrigerator
is determined from the conservation of energy relation for cyclic devices,




We see that both the energy removed from the refrigerated space as heat and
the energy supplied to the refrigerator as electrical work eventually show up in
the room air and become part of the internal energy of the air. This
demonstrates that energy can change from one form to another, can move
from one place to another, but is never destroyed during a process.
24

Second Law Statements


Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law

It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat
from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work.

In other words, the maximum possible efficiency is less than 100
percent.
q
th < 100%
The Clausius statement of the second law states that it is impossible to
construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other
than the transfer of heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher-
temperature body.
Clausius statement of the second law
Thus, the COP of a refrigerator or heat pump must be less than
infinity.
COP<
25
A violation of either the Kelvin-Planck or Clausius statements of the second law
implies a violation of the other. Assume that the heat engine shown below is
violating the Kelvin-Planck statement by absorbing heat from a single reservoir
and producing an equal amount of work W. The output of the engine drives a
heat pump that transfers an amount of heat Q
L
from the low-temperature thermal
reservoir and an amount of heat Q
H
+ Q
L
to the high-temperature thermal
reservoir. The combination of the heat engine and refrigerator in the figure acts
like a heat pump that transfers heat Q
L
from the low-temperature reservoir without
any external energy input. This is a violation of the Clausius statement of the
second law.
Equivalent
26
Perpetual-Motion Machines

Any device that violates the first or second law of thermodynamics is
called a perpetual-motion machine. If the device violates the first law (
creating energy), it is a perpetual-motion machine of the First kind
(PMM1). If the device violates the second law, it is a perpetual-motion
machine of the second kind (PMM2).






27
REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES


Second Law states that no Heat Engine can have 100 % efficiency.

Well if this is not possible , then what could be the highest efficiency which
can be achieved. To answer this we need to study the concept of
REVERSIBLE and IRREVERSIBLE Processes.

Lets look at a few process;-


Cooling of water. The water will lose heat to air. We cannot force the heat to
go back to the water. In fact we will have to use some energy source to heat
the water back.

Stopping of a car by applying the brakes. When we apply brakes , the
friction generated by the brake pads cause the car to stop. In the process
the brakes get heated. Now we cannot apply heat to cold brakes and expect
the wheel to rotate. We will have to apply some other energy source to
rotate the wheel.
28

Reversible Processes

Now this means that to reverse the process some external energy has to be put in.
This energy has to come from surroundings. So what could be a reversible
process. Lets first define it.

REVERSIBLE PROCESS IS A PROCESS THAT CAN BE REVERSED WITHOUT
LEAVING ANY TRACE ON THE SURROUNDINGS

This is only possible, if the process retraces its path when the process reverses.






An irreversible process on the other hand will not reverse along the same path to
reach its original state , and hence will require energy or give energy to come back
to its original state. Here E
NET
is not equal to 0

E
out

E
in

Because the process goes from 1 to 2 and then reverses along the same
path to go from 2-1, so E
NET
= 0
29
Irreversible Process

An irreversible process is a process that is not reversible.
All real processes are irreversible. IRREVERSIBILITIES reduce the efficiency of
devices , hence to achieve better design and performance we need to lower the
factors which cause irreversibilities : Following are some major factor

Friction
Unrestrained expansion of gases
Heat transfer through a finite temperature
difference
Mixing of two different substances
Hysteresis effects
I
2
R losses in electrical circuits
Inelastic Deformation

Any deviation from a quasi-static process

A
B
30
31
32
Internally reversible process

The internally reversible process is a quasi-equilibrium process, which,
once having taken place, can be reversed and in so doing leave no
change in the system. This says nothing about what happens to the
surroundings about the system. ( reversibilities occur only within
boundaries of the system) Quasi equilibrium process

Externally reversible process

The externally reversible process is a process, which, once having taken
place, can be reversed and in so doing leave no change on
surroundings.

What is Totally Reversible ????
33
The Carnot Cycle

Scientists and researchers remained eager to produce the most efficient practical
engine since ever.
We now that heat engines operate in cycle i.e. the working fluid of a heat engine
returns to its initial state at the end of each cycle.

Work is done by the working fluid during one part of the cycle and on the working
fluid during another part.

The difference between these two is the net work delivered by the heat engine.
The efficiency of a heat-engine therefore greatly depends on how the individual
processes that make up the cycle are executed. The net work, thus the cycle
efficiency, can be maximized by using processes that require the least amount of
work and deliver the most, i.e. using reversible processes
34
The Carnot Cycle

French military engineer Nicolas Saadi Carnot (1769-1832) was among
the first to study the principles of the second law of thermodynamics.
Carnot was the first to introduce the concept of cyclic operation and
devised a reversible cycle that is composed of four reversible processes,
two isothermal and two adiabatic. His design looks like following on P-v
& T-v diagram :
3
4
2
1
P

v
T
H

T
L

Q = 0
Q = 0
2
3 4
1
T

v
Q
L

W
Net

35
36
The Carnot Cycle

Process 1-2:Reversible isothermal heat addition at high temperature, T
H
> T
L
, to the
working fluid in a piston-cylinder device that does some boundary work.








Process 2-3: Reversible adiabatic expansion during which the system does work as
the working fluid temperature decreases from T
H
to T
L
.

3
4
2
1
T
H

3
4
2
1
T
H

Q = 0
P
v
37
The Carnot Cycle

Process 3-4: The system is brought in contact with a heat reservoir at T
L
< T
H
and
a reversible isothermal heat exchange takes place while work of compression is
done on the system.








Process 4-1:A reversible adiabatic compression process increases the working
fluid temperature from T
L
to T
H
3
4
2
1
T
H

T
L

Q = 0
3
4
2
1
T
H

T
L

Q = 0
Q = 0
38
You may have observed that power cycles operate in the clockwise direction when
plotted on a process diagram. The Carnot cycle may be reversed, in which it
operates as a refrigerator. The refrigeration cycle operates in the counterclockwise
direction.
39
We know that area under the process
curve is equal to the boundary work.
Network during Carnot Cycle is area
enclosed between 1-2-3-4. Larger this
area larger is the net work done.



Now assume we try to save the energy
lost (Q
L)
(removing condenser or heat sink) .

Then we will not encounter point 4 in the
cycle. Hence , there will be no net work
done.
40
Carnot Principles

The second law of thermodynamics puts limits on the operation of cyclic devices
as expressed by the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements. A heat engine
cannot operate by exchanging heat with a single heat reservoir, and a
refrigerator cannot operate without net work input from an external source.

Consider heat engines operating between two fixed temperature reservoirs at T
H

> T
L
. We draw two conclusions about the thermal efficiency of reversible and
irreversible heat engines, known as the Carnot principles.

(a) The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the efficiency
of a reversible one operating between the same two reservoirs.
q q
th th Carnot
<
,
(b) The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the
same two reservoirs are the same
41
Most of our Temperature scales are based on some property of a
substance like thermal expansion.
A THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE IS INDEPENDENT
OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE SUBSTANCE.
Such a scale has been derived from the Carnot Principles i.e. The
Second One
Since the thermal efficiency in general is
q
th
L
H
Q
Q
= 1

Here the efficiency is independent of the properties of the
material used but is dependent upon the Heat transfer of each
engine. Now the efficiencies of each engine will be the same
because they operate between the same reservoirs.

( , ), ( , )
L
th L H H L
H
Q
g T T T T
Q
q = = f
THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE
Since energy reservoirs are characterized by their
temperatures, we can write:

42
Considering engines A, B, and C
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
1
3
1
2
2
3
=
This looks like
f T T f T T f T T ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
1 3 1 2 2 3
=
One way to define the f function is
f T T
T
T
T
T
T
T
( , )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 3
2
1
3
2
3
1
= =
u
u
u
u
u
u
Above equation can be satisfied by several forms of u(T). Lord Kelvin used
simply u (T)=T where T is the absolute temperature itself.
f T T
T
T
( , )
1 3
3
1
=
The Carnot thermal efficiency becomes
q
th rev
L
H
T
T
,
= 1
This is the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine operating between
two heat reservoirs at temperatures T
H
and T
L
. Note that the temperatures are
absolute temperatures.
43
1
273.16
This scale is known as Kelvin Scale and temperatures are known
Absolute Temperatures. The relation between Celsius and absolute scale
is given by

The magnitude of
o
K is defined as of the Temperature
interval between absolute Zero and Triple point of Water.

= + 273.16
o
K C
So for a reversible device the heat transfers between the high- and low-
temperature heat reservoirs is written as :
Q
Q
T
T
L
H
L
H
=
Then the Q
H
/Q
L
ratio can be replaced by T
H
/T
L
for reversible devices,
where T
H
and T
L
are the absolute temperatures of the high- and low-
temperature heat reservoirs, respectively.
44


The thermal efficiencies of actual and reversible heat engines operating between the
same temperature limits compare as follows:
q
th rev
L
H
T
T
,
= 1
Now as per our definition absolute zero will be achieved when
q
=
= = = =
0
1 1 1.00
L L L L
Th
H H H H
Q T Q T
which will mean
Q T Q T
Now this is not possible so Absolute Zero is not achievable


TH
q
FOR A CARNOT ENGINE INCREASES IF T
H
INCREASES and
also INCREASES IF T
L
DECREASES

45
Reversed Carnot Device Coefficient of Performance

If the Carnot device is caused to operate in the reversed cycle, the reversible heat
pump is created. The COP of reversible refrigerators and heat pumps are given in a
similar manner to that of the Carnot heat engine as
COP
Q
Q Q
Q
Q
T
T T
T
T
R
L
H L
H
L
L
H L
H
L
=

1
1
1
1
COP
Q
Q Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
T
T T
T
T
T
T
HP
H
H L
H
L
H
L
H
H L
H
L
H
L
=

1
1
46
Again, these are the maximum possible COPs for a refrigerator or a heat pump
operating between the temperature limits of T
H
and T
L
.

The coefficients of performance of actual and reversible (such as Carnot)
refrigerators operating between the same temperature limits compare as follows:
A similar relation can be obtained for heat pumps by replacing all values of COP
R
by
COP
HP
in the above relation.

47
a.
q
th rev
L
H
T
T
K
K
or
,
( )
( )
. .
=
=
+
+
=
1
1
30 273
652 273
0 672 67 2%
Q
Q
T
T
K
K
Q kJ
kJ
L
H
L
H
L
=
=
+
+
=
=
=
( )
( )
.
( . )
30 273
652 273
0 328
500 0 328
164
b.
Q
L

W
OUT

Q
H

T
H
= 652
o
C
T
L
= 30
o
C
HE

A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a high-temperature
heat reservoir at 652
o
C and rejects heat to a low-temperature heat reservoir at
30
o
C. Determine

(a) The thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine.
(b) The amount of heat rejected to the low-temperature heat reservoir.
48
Example 6-3

An inventor claims to have invented a heat engine that develops a thermal efficiency
of 80 percent when operating between two heat reservoirs at 1000 K and 300 K.
Evaluate his claim.
q
th rev
L
H
T
T
K
K
or
,
.
=
=
=
1
1
300
1000
0 70 70%
Q
L

W
OUT

Q
H

T
H
= 1000 K
T
L
= 300 K
HE
The claim is false since no heat engine may be more efficient than a Carnot engine
operating between the heat reservoirs.
49
Example 6-4

An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that maintains the refrigerated
space at 2
o
C while operating in a room where the temperature is 25
o
C and has a
COP of 13.5. Is there any truth to his claim?
Q
L

W
in

Q
H

T
H
= 25
o
C
T
L
= 2
o
C
R
COP
Q
Q Q
T
T T
K
K
R
L
H L
L
H L
=

=
+

=
( )
( )
.
2 273
25 2
1196
The claim is false since no refrigerator may have a COP larger than the COP for the
reversed Carnot device.
50
Example 6-5

A heat pump is to be used to heat a building during the winter. The building is to be
maintained at 21
o
C at all times. The building is estimated to be losing heat at a rate
of 135,000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to -5
o
C. Determine the
minimum power required to drive the heat pump unit for this outside temperature.
21
o
C
HP
-5
o
C

Q
Lost

W
in

Q
L
The heat lost by the building has to be supplied by the heat pump.

Q
H
51

Q Q
kJ
h
H Lost
= =135000
COP
Q
Q Q
T
T T
K
K
HP
H
H L
H
H L
=

=
+

=

( )
( ( ))
.
21 273
21 5
1131
Using the basic definition of the COP
COP
Q
W
W
Q
COP
kJ h h
s
kW
kJ s
kW
HP
H
net in
net in
H
HP
=
=
=
=

, /
. /
.
,
,
135 000
1131
1
3600
1
3316
52
A gasoline engine produces 20 hp using 35 kW of heat transfer from
burning fuel. What is its thermal efficiency and how much power is rejected
to the ambient?

Conversion : 20 hp = 20 0.7457 kW = 14.91 kW

Efficiency:
TH
= W
out
/Q
H
= 14.91/35 = 0.43

Energy equation: Q
L
= Q
H
- W
out
= 35 14.91 = 20.1 kW
53
L
Q
net, in
R
90 kJ/min
500 kJ/min
COP 1.8
L
Q
W = = = = 0.83 kW
net, in
90 50
H L
Q Q W = + = + =140 kJ / min
5-52 A household refrigerator with a COP of 1.8 removes heat from the
refrigerated space at a rate of 90 kJ/min. Determine (a) the electric power
consumed by the refrigerator and (b) the rate of heat transfer to the kitchen
air.

The COP and the refrigeration rate of a refrigerator are given. The power
consumption and the rate of heat rejection are to be determined.

Analysis (a) Using the definition of the coefficient of performance, the
power input to the refrigerator is determined to be





(b) The heat transfer rate to the kitchen air is determined from the
energy balance,



54





5-57 When a man returns to his well-sealed house on a summer day, he
finds that the house is at 32C. He turns on the air conditioner, which cools
the entire house to 20C in 15 min. If the COP of the air-conditioning system
is 2.5, determine the power drawn by the air conditioner. Assume the entire
mass within the house is equivalent to 800 kg of air for which c
v
0.72 kJ/kg
C and cp 1.0 kJ/kg C.
Assumptions 1 The air conditioner operates steadily. 2 The house is well-sealed so that
no air leaks in or out during cooling. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats at
room temperature.
Properties The constant volume specific heat of air is given to be c
v
= 0.72 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis

kW 3.07
2.5
kW 7.68
COP
R
in net,
= = =
L
Q
W

Using the definition of the coefficient of performance, the power

input to the air-conditioner is determined to be
55





5-86 A heat engine is operating on a Carnot cycle and has a thermal
efficiency of 55 percent. The waste heat from this engine is rejected to a
nearby lake at 60F at a rate of 800 Btu/min. Determine (a) the power
output of the engine and (b) the temperature of the source.
Btu/min 1777.8
Btu/min 800
1 55 . 0 1
th
= = =
H
H H
L
Q
Q Q
Q

q
( )( ) hp 23.1 Btu/min 977.8 Btu/min 1777.8 0.55
th out net,
= = = =
H
Q W

q
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
L
H
L
H
T
T
Q
Q
rev

( ) R 1155.6 R 520
Btu/min 800
Btu/min 1777.8
rev
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
L
H
H
T
Q
Q
T

60F
T
H

HE
800 Btu/min
The Carnot heat engine operates steadily.
Analysis (a) The rate of heat input to this heat engine is determined from the
definition of thermal efficiency,


Then the power output of this heat engine can be determined from

(b) For reversible cyclic devices we have

Thus the temperature of the source T
H
must be


56
Assignment


6-74

6-80

6-86

6-88
A car engine takes atmospheric air in at 20C, no fuel, and exhausts the
air at 20C producing work in the process. What do the first and the
second laws say about that?
57
58