Introduction to Eurocode 2

EN 1992 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Eurocode 2 is generally laid out to give advice on the basis of phenomena (e.g. bending, shear, etc)
rather than by member types as in BS 8110 (e.g. beams, slabs, columns, etc)

Design is based on concrete cylinder strengths not cube strengths

The Eurocode is not as prescriptive as BS 8110 in the provision of derived formulae and expects that
textbooks or similar publications will be used conjunction with the Eurocode for design

For Eurocode 2 The Concrete Centre have published a number of guidance documents that can
be used, notably the How to series and Concise Eurocode 2

Units for stress are mega pascals ( 1MPa = 1N/mm
2
)

The Eurocode uses a comma to denote a decimal point

The Eurocode is applicable to reinforcement with a characteristic yield strength of 400 MPa to 600
MPa
Introduction to Eurocode 2
EN 1992 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Characteristic values are denoted by the subscript k (i.e. f
ck
and f
yk
)

Design values are denoted by the subscript d (i.e. f
cd
and f
yd
)

Formulae for converting Characteristic values to design values are given in Section 3

f
cd
=
cc
f
ck
/
c
[Equ. 3.15]

f
yd
= f
yk
/
s
[Fig. 3.8]






Partial factors applied to the concrete and reinforcing steel differ depending on the Design Situation
Introduction to Eurocode 2
EN 1992 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

In the UK durability and cover are still determined using BS 8500

Durability and cover is treated differently in the Eurocode with minimum cover based on the
exposure condition and structural classification

Establish exposure condition


Introduction to Eurocode 2
EN 1992 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Establish minimum strength class of concrete from EN 206-1:2000















From EN 1992-1-1:2004 Annex E the structural class of C35/45 concrete with XS3 exposure is S4


Introduction to Eurocode 2
EN 1992 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Modify structural class in accordance with Table 4.3N










Obtain minimum cover for environmental durability
Introduction to Eurocode 2
EN 1992 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

4.4.1 Concrete cover

4.4.1.1 General

(1)P The concrete cover is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement closest to the
nearest concrete surface (including links and stirrups and surface reinforcement where
relevant) and the nearest concrete surface.

(2)P The nominal cover shall be specified on the drawings. It is defined as a minimum cover,
c
min
(See 4.4.1.2), plus an allowance in design for deviation, c
dev
(See 4.4.1.3):

c
nom
= c
min
+ c
dev
(4.1)

Introduction to Eurocode 2
EN 1992 : DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

4.4.1.2 Minimum cover, c
min

(2)P The greater value for cmin satisfying the requirements for both bond and environmental
conditions shall be used.

c
min
= max {c
min,b
; c
min,dur
+ c
dur,
- c
dur,st
- c
dur,add
; 10 mm) (4.2)

where:
c
min,b
minimum cover due to bond requirement, see 4.4.1.2 (3)
c
min,dur
minimum cover due to environmental conditions, see 4.4.1.2 (5)
c
dur,
additive safety element, see 4.4.1.2 (6)
c
dur,st
reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel, see 4.4.1.2 (7)
c
dur,add
reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection, see 4.4.1.2 (8)

4.4.1.3 Allowance in design for deviation

Note: The value of c
dev
for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended
value is 10 mm.

(3) In certain situations, the accepted deviation and hence allowance c
dev
, may be reduced
Introduction to Flexure
FLEXURE TO EUROCODE 2

Flexure design is covered in Section 6.1 of Eurocode 2




As previously stated the Eurocode does not provide
prescriptive formulae for flexure design only the
possible strain distributions in the ultimate limit state




Therefore in order to calculate the effects of flexure formulae derived in textbooks should be used

Consequently the design calculations are very similar to those under BS 8110 as seen in the
guidance flowchart for flexure design
Practical Exercise No. 3
BEAM DESIGN TO EUROCODE 2 (BENDING)

The aim of this exercise is to prepare a set of calculations to determine reinforcement requirements
for bending in accordance with Eurocode 2.

Consider a rectangular reinforced concrete beam with dimensions 500mm wide by 1000mm deep

At the critical sections the beam is subjected to:
Design Moment of 650kNm

Assumptions are:
Concrete class is C30/37
The effective depth to the main reinforcement, d = 896mm
All reinforcement is high yield steel, f
yk
= 500MPa
% redistribution = 0, therefore redistribution ratio, = 1.00

Determine suitable main reinforcement for the beam in accordance with Eurocode 2 using the
guidance flowchart provided
Practical Exercise No. 3
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

Ed
ck
6
Ed
2
ck
Design moment M 650 kNm
Concrete class C30 / 37
f 30 MPa [Table 3.1]
M 650 10
K=
bd f 5
=
=
=

=
2
2
0.054
00 896 30
K' 0.6 0.18 0.21
redistribution factor
For 0% redistribution = 1.0
=

= c c
c =
c
Practical Exercise No. 3
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

( ) ( )
2
K' 0.6 1.0 0.18 1.0 0.21 0.21
It is often recommended in the UK that K' should be limited to 0.168 to
ensure ductile failure
Therefore K' 0.168
K 0.054 K' 0.168
Therefore no compression reinforcement i
= =
=
<
s required
d
Lever arm, z = 1 1 3.53K
2
896
1 1 3.53 0.054 851mm
2
(
+

(
= + =

Practical Exercise No. 3
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

s
yd
yd
Limiting z to 0.95d is not a requirement of Eurocode 2 but is considered
to be good practice
z 0.95d 0.95 896 851mm
Therefore z 851mm
M
Tension reinforcement required, A =
f z
f design yield
= = =
=
=
yk
s
yk
f
strength of reinforcement =
f characteristic yield strength of reinforcement 500 MPa

= =
Practical Exercise No. 3
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

s
yd
6
2
s
ctm
s min t t
yk
partial material factor for reinforcing steel = 1.15 [Table 2.1N]
500
f 435MPa
1.15
650 10
A = =1756mm
435 851
f
A = 0.26 b d 0.0013 b d
f
=
= =

>

[Section 9.2.1.1 (1)

ctm
t
Equ 9.1N]
f = mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete = 2.9 MPa [Table 3.1]
b mean breadth of the tension zo = ne 500mm =
Practical Exercise No. 3
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE

s min
2 2
2
s min
2
s max c
2.9
A = 0.26 500 896 0.0013 500 896
500
= 676mm 582mm
A = 676mm
A = 0.04A = 0.04 x 500 x 1000 = 20000mm [Section
>
>
2 2 2
s min s s max
2
s provided
9.2.1.1 (3)]
A (676mm ) < A (1756mm ) < A (20000mm )
A 4 No. 25mm bars at 100mm c/c = 1960mm = C
Practical Exercise No. 3
COMPARISON WITH BS 8110

( ) ( )
6
2 2
cu
M 650 10
K= 0.044 [Cl.3.4.4.4]
bd f 500 896 37
K' 0.156
K 0.044 K' 0.156
Therefore no compression reinforcement is required
Leve

= =

=
<
6
s
y
r arm, z = d 0.5 0.25 K/0.9
= 896 0.5 0.25 0.044/0.9 850mm
z limited to 0.95
(Same as E
d = 0.95 896 = 851mm
Therefore z = 850mm
M 650 10
A = = =175
0.87f z 0.87 500 850
urocode value)
(
+

(
+ =

2
2
s min c
2
s max c
s min
(A higher in Eurocode
8mm
A = 0.0013 A = 0.0013 500 1000 = 650mm [Table 3.25]
A = 0.04A = 0.04 x 500 x 1000 = 20000mm /
(Same as Eurocode value)
(Same as Eurocode value) m
)


[Cl.3.12.6.1]
Introduction to Shear
SHEAR TO EUROCODE 2

Eurocode 2 introduces the strut inclination method for calculating shear capacity








In this method the shear is resisted by concrete struts acting in compression and shear
reinforcement acting in tension

The angle of the concrete strut varies depending on the shear force applied

The angle of the concrete strut is limited between cot = 2.5 and cot = 1.0

The higher the value of cot the lower the required amount shear reinforcement

The procedure for shear calculations in given on the guidance flowchart


Practical Exercise No. 4
BEAM DESIGN TO EUROCODE 2 (SHEAR)

The aim of this exercise is to prepare a set of calculations to determine reinforcement requirements
for shear in accordance with Eurocode 2.

Consider the rectangular reinforced concrete beam from Practical Exercise No. 3 (500mm wide by
1000mm deep)

At the critical sections the beam is subjected to:
Design Shear Force of 300kN

Assumptions are:
Concrete class is C30/37
The effective depth to the main reinforcement, d = 896mm
All reinforcement is high yield steel, f
yk
= 500MPa
Main reinforcement is 4 No. 25mm bars at 100mm c/c

Determine suitable shear links for the beam in accordance with Eurocode 2 using the guidance
flowchart provided
Practical Exercise No. 4
DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Ed Rd,c
Ed
Rd,c
1/3
Rd,c l ck 1 cp
Check requirement for shear reinforcement
V V
Design shear V 300kN
The design value for the shear resistance V is given by : [Section 6.2.2(1)]
= C k(100 f ) +k
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
<
=
w
min 1 cp w
b d [Equ 6.2a]
With a minimum of :
= (v + k )b d o
(

Rd,c
c
c
[Equ 6.2b]
0.18
C =

= partial material factor for concrete = 1.5 [Table 2.1N]

Practical Exercise No. 4
DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Rd,c
sl
l
w
sl bd
0.18
C = =0.12
1.5
200 200
k = depth factor = 1+ 2.0 = 1 + = 1.47
d 896
A
= reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement = 0.02
b d
A = area of the tensile reinforcement which extends (l
s
s
>
2
sl s
+d) beyond the
section considered
In this example it is assumed that the full area of reinforcement extends along
the full length of the beam
Therefore A A 1960mm = =
Practical Exercise No. 4
DESIGN FOR SHEAR

w
l
ck
1
b smallest width of the cross section in the tensile area 500mm
1960
0.004
500 896
f compressive strength of concrete cylinder = 30 MPa [Table 3.1]
k 0.15
= =
= =

=
=
( )
cp
cp
1/3
Rd,c
= compressive stress in the concrete from axial loading or prestressing
As neither are relevant in this example, can be ignored
V 0.12 1.47 100 0.004 30 0.15 0 500 896 181kN
o
o
(
= + =

Practical Exercise No. 4
DESIGN FOR SHEAR

3/2 1/2
min ck
3/2 1/2
Rd,c(min)
V 0.035k x f [Equ 6.3N]
= 0.035 x 1.47 x 30
= 0.34 MPa
V = (0.34 +
=
Ed Rd,c
0.15 0) 500 896 = 152kN
V (300kN) V (181kN)
Therefore shear reinforcement is required


>
Practical Exercise No. 4
DESIGN FOR SHEAR

cw w 1 cd
Rd,max
Determine the maximum shear capacity limited by crushing of compression struts for cot 2.5
b z f
V =
cot + tan
o v
=
cw
[Equ 6.9]
coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression chord 1.0 [U o = =
w
K National Annex]
b 500mm
z inner lever arm, for a member with constant depth, correponding to the bending moment in the
element under consideration. In the shear analysis of reinforced con
=
=
1
1
crete without axial force,
the approximate value z 0.9d may normally be used
= 0.9d = 0.9 x 896 = 806mm
strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.

v
v v
=
=
= [UK National Annex]
Practical Exercise No. 4
DESIGN FOR SHEAR

ck
f
0.6 1 - [Equ 6.6N]
250
30
= 0.6 1 -
250
v
(
=
(

cd
ck
cc
c
= 0.53
f design value of concrete compressive strength
f
= o

(
(

=
cc
[Equ 3.15]
conservatively taken as 0.85 o
c
[UK National Annex]
1.5 [Table =
cd
o
2.1N]
30
f = 0.85 x = 17 MPa
1.5
cot = 2.5 ( = 21.8 )
tan = 0.4
Practical Exercise No. 4
DESIGN FOR SHEAR

Rd,max
Rd,max Ed
1.0 500 806 0.53 17
V = 1252kN
2.5 0.4
V (1252 kN) > V (300 kN)

=
+
Practical Exercise No. 4
DESIGN FOR SHEAR

sw
Rd,s ywd
Calculate the area of shear reinforcement
A
V = z f cot
s
Rd,s Ed
sw Ed
ywd
ywd
ywk
s
s
[Equ 6.8]
V V
Therefore :
A V

s z f cot
z 806mm
f design yield strength of the shear reinforcement
f
=

= partial material factor for reinforcing steel = 1.15

>
=
=
=
[Table 2.1N]
Practical Exercise No. 4
DESIGN FOR SHEAR

ywd
3
2 sw
500
= = 435MPa
1.15
cot = 2.5
A 300 10
= = 0.34mm /mm
s 806 435 2.5
The maximum longitudinal spacing between shear assemblies should not exceed : [Secti
f

l,max
on 9.2.2 (6)]
s = 0.75d (1 + cot ) [Equ 9.6]
inclinatio
o
o =
o
l,max
2
sw
n of the shear reinforcement to the longitudinal axis of the beam 90 ( cot 0)
s = 0.75 x 896 x (1 + 0) = 672mm
Therefore assume a spacing of 250mm
A = 0.34 x 250 = 85mm
o = =
Practical Exercise No. 4
DESIGN FOR SHEAR

sw
w
w
Check minimum shear reinforcement requirements.
A
=
sb sin
w w,min ck
yk
sw,min w,min w
o 2
sw
[Equ 9.4]
0.08 0.08
= f = 30= 0.0009
f 500
A = sb sin
= 0.0009 x 250 x 500 x sin 90 = 113mm
Therefore provide 10mm diameter shear links (A 157m
>
=
o
m)
Practical Exercise No. 4
COMPARISON WITH BS 8110

3
1/3 1/4 1/3
c
m
1/4 1/4
V 30010
v = = = 0.67MPa
bd 500896
100As 400 fcu
0.79
bd d 25
v = [Table 3.8]

400 400
0.
d 896
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
1/3 1/3
c Rd,c
c c
82
Therefore use 1.0 as shear reinforcement is to be provided
100 1960 37
0.79 1.0
500 896 2
(Higher
5
v = 0.55 MPa ( V = 246kN) than Eurocode
1.25
0.55v < v < (v + 0.4)
Therefore
)
| | | |

| |

\ . \ .
=
2 v v
v
yv
minimum shear links required
0.4b s 0.4 500 250
A = = = 115mm [Table 3.7]
0.87f 0.87 500
(Same as Eurocode value)

Introduction to Punching Shear

PUNCHING SHEAR TO EUROCODE 2

The methodology for determining punching shear requirements under Eurocodes is similar to that of
BS 8110.

Determine if the shear stress at the loaded perimeter is less than the maximum punching shear
resistance of the slab

Determine the shear stress at the basic control perimeter

Determine if the shear stress at the basic control perimeter is less than the punching shear
resistance of the slab without punching shear reinforcement

Provide punching shear reinforcement at perimeters until no longer required
Introduction to Punching Shear
PUNCHING SHEAR TO EUROCODE 2

Shear stress, [6.38]


The basic formula is similar to that of BS 8110

is a factor dealing with eccentricity of the load from the control perimeter

When considering punching shear due to an applied load, the control perimeter is central to the load
and therefore no eccentricity exists and can be taken as 1.0

When considering punching shear at a column, the control perimeter is central to the column position
but the loading causing the punching shear is applied to the slab away from the column position
therefore introducing an eccentricity.

In this case either standard factors can be used for or values can be calculated directly from
expressions 6.38 to 6.46 to give more efficient designs
Introduction to Punching Shear
PUNCHING SHEAR TO EUROCODE 2

BS 8110 EN 1992
















Introduction to Punching Shear
PUNCHING SHEAR TO EUROCODE 2

In Eurocode 2 the maximum value of shear at the column face or face of loaded area is not limited to
5 MPa as in BS 8110

The control perimeter is taken at 2.0d not 1.5d as in BS 8110

The control perimeters have rounded corners and are not rectangular as in BS 8110

BS 8110 EN 1992
Practical Exercise No. 5
SLAB DESIGN TO EUROCODE 2 (PUNCHING SHEAR)

The aim of this exercise is to prepare a set of calculations to determine punching shear requirements
for a slab section in accordance with Eurocode 2.

Consider a reinforced concrete slab 275mm deep

At the critical sections the slab is subjected to:

Punching shear due to a tyre of footprint 300mm x 300mm with a pressure of 1.1 MPa

Assumptions are:
Concrete class is C35/45
Reinforcement in y-direction = 20mm at 150mm c/c, effective depth d
y
= 192mm
Reinforcement in z-direction = 16mm at 150mm c/c, effective depth d
z
= 176mm
All reinforcement is high yield steel, f
yk
= 500MPa

Check punching shear requirements in accordance with Eurocode 2 using the guidance flowcharts
provided
Practical Exercise No. 5
DESIGN FOR PUNCHING SHEAR

Vehicle loading is equivalent to 300 x 300 type footprint with a pressure of 1.1 MPa
Total load 300x300x1.1 99kN
The design procedure for punching shear is based on checks at the face of the col
= =
( )
1
umn and at the [Section 6.4.3 (1)]
basic control perimeter u
The following checks should be carried out :
a At the column perimeter, or perimetr of the loaded area, the maximum punc
( )
( )
Ed Rd, max
Ed Rd, c
Ed Rd,c
hing shear stress
should not be exceeded
v v
b Punching shear reinforcement is not necessary if :
v v
c Where v exceeds the value v for the control section conside
s
s
red, punching shear reinforcement
should be provided according to 6.4.5
Practical Exercise No. 5
DESIGN FOR PUNCHING SHEAR

Ed
Ed
i
V
v [Equ 6.38]
u d
is due to eccentrici
|
|
=
Ed
Ed
ty between the support reaction and the control perimeter in this example
there is no eccentricity therefore = 1.0
Check at the perimeter of the loaded area
V
v = 1.0
ud
u perimeter of the loaded
|

=
y z
3
Ed
area 300 300 300 300 1200mm
d mean effective depth of the slab which may be taken as :
d + d
192 + 176
= 184mm
2 2
99 x 10
v = = 0.448 MPa
1200 x 184
= + + + =
=
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
Practical Exercise No. 5
DESIGN FOR PUNCHING SHEAR

Rd,max cd
v = 0.5 f [Section 6.4.3 (3)]
Strength
v
v =
ck
reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
f
= 0.6 1 -
250
( | |
| (
\ .
2
ck
[Equ 6.6N]
f 35N / mm [Tabl =
cd
ck
cc
c
e 3.1]
35
= 0.6 1 - 0.52
250
f design value of concrete compressive strength
f
=
v
o

( | |
=
| (
\ .
=
cc
[Equ 3.15]
taken conservatively as 0.85 o [UK National Annex]
Practical Exercise No. 5
DESIGN FOR PUNCHING SHEAR

c
cd
= 1.5 [Table 2.1N]
f = 0.85 x

Rd,max
2
Ed Rd,max
35
19.8MPa
1.5
v = 0.5 x 0.52 x 19.8 = 5.1 MPa
(Maximum shear stress is not limited to 5N/mm as in BS8110)
v (0.448 MPa) v (5.1 MPa)
=
s
Practical Exercise No. 5
DESIGN FOR PUNCHING SHEAR

1
1
Check punching shear stress at the basic control perimeter u
The basic control perimeter u may normally be taken to be at a distance 2.0d from the loaded area [Section 6.4.2 (1)]
and
y z
eff
should be constructed so as to minimise its length
d + d
192 176
d = 184mm
2 2
| | +
= =
|
\ .
1
3
Ed
1/3
Rd,c Rd,c l ck 1 cp min 1 cp
[Equ 6.32]
2 (2d) = 2 (2 184) = 2312mm
u = 2312 + 300 + 300 + 300 + 300 = 3512mm
99 x 10
v = 0.153 MPa
3512 x 184
v = C k (100 f ) + k (v + k )
t t
=
>
cp
1/
Rd,c Rd,c l ck
[Equ 6.47]
As there are no axial forces being considered 0 and the equation can be simplified to :
v = C k (100 f )
o =
3
min
v >
Practical Exercise No. 5
DESIGN FOR PUNCHING SHEAR

Rd,c
c
c
Rd,c
0.18
C =
= partial material factor for concrete = 1.5 [Table 2.1N]
0.18
C = = 0.12
1.5
k =

l ly lz
l,i
l,i
l,i l,i
200 200
depth factor = 1 + 2.0 = 1 + = 2.04
d 184
Therefore use k = 2.0
= reinforcement ratio = 0.02
A
=
b d
s
s
Practical Exercise No. 5
DESIGN FOR PUNCHING SHEAR

lz
ly
2
lz
ly
The slab width should be based on the loaded width plus 3d each side
b = 300 + (3 x 192) + (3 x 192)= 1452mm
b = 300 + (3 x 176) + (3 x 176)= 1356mm
A = 2090 x 1.452 = 3035mm
A = 1340 x 1.356 = 1
2
lz
lz
l
817mm
3035
= = 0.011
1452 192
1817
= = 0.009
1356 176
= 0.011 0.009 = 0.009

Practical Exercise No. 5

DESIGN FOR PUNCHING SHEAR

1/3
Rdc
2/3 1/2 2/3 1/2
min ck
Ed
v = 0.12 2.0 (100 0.009 35) = 0.76 MPa
v = 0.035k f = 0.035 2.0 35 = 0.33 MPa [Equ 6.3N]
v (


Rd,c
0.153 MPa) v (0.76 MPa)
Therefore punching shear reinforcement not required
s
Introduction to Crack Width
CRACK WIDTH TO EUROCODE 2

Crack control is covered in Section 7.3 of the Eurocode and is further detailed in the exemplar
calculations

Limiting crack widths are given for the quasi-permanent load combination













It is deemed that limiting crack widths to these values will generally be satisfactory for concrete
members with respect to appearance and durability

Part 2 - Bridges
Introduction to Crack Width
CRACK WIDTH TO EUROCODE 2

The Eurocodes set no limits for the Characteristic and Frequent combinations, but state that these
limits should be established for each project and agreed with the Client

If as the code suggests, only the Quasi-Permanent load combination limit has to be satisfied for
durability then this will lead to a saving in reinforcement for members where in the past crack width
has been critical

At this time it is unclear as to what limits may need to be set for Frequent and Characteristic
combinations with respect to crack width. It is hoped that further industry guidance will be made
available in the future

Introduction to Crack Width
CRACK WIDTH TO EUROCODE 2

The Eurocode gives 2 methods for satisfying crack width requirements

Provision of minimum reinforcement area with rules governing bar diameters and spacing

Direct calculation of crack widths

It is generally recommended that in line with current practice we proceed with the direct calculation
of crack widths method

The calculation of crack widths is similar to the approach taken by BS 8110

Introduction to Crack Width
CRACK WIDTH TO EUROCODE 2







From the work carried out in the Exemplar calculations the differences between crack width values
using Eurocodes and BS 8110 appears to stem from the limiting value in the above expression

Detailing
DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT

Detailing of reinforcement is considerably more involved than the lap length / anchorage length of
35 40 bar diameters currently used

Section 8 of EN 1992-1-1:2004 contains information relating to detailing of reinforcement

8.4.4 Design anchorage length
(1) The design anchorage length, l
bd
, is:
I
bd
=
1

2

3

4

5
l
b,rqd
> l
b,min

8.7.3 Lap length
(1) The design lap length is:
l
0
=
1

2

3

5

6
l
b,rqd
> l
0,min

The formulae provided allow efficient anchorage and lap lengths to be calculated based on the
actual conditions at the point considered


Detailing
DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT

The main points to consider with regard to
detailing are:

8.4.3 Basic anchorage length
l
b,rqd
= ( / 4) (
sd
/ f
bd
)


sd
= design stress of the bar at the position
considered (Therefore calculated lengths
could be reduced by using the actual
stress rather than the maximum stress
value)

Calculation of f
bd
is affected by the bond
condition (30% difference in value)





Detailing
DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT



1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
could conservatively be
taken as 1.0


6
is a coefficient based on the percentage
of lapped bars in a cross section (This can
potentially increase lap lengths by 50%)








The Reinforcement Detailing Sheet gives
lap lengths for various conditions. Typically
these lengths are greater than those
currently used by the factor
6



Summary of Workshop No. 1
The Eurocodes offer some design approaches which are different to
traditional practice, but these methods should not be daunting.

The Eurocodes are a set of compatible design codes.

The probabilistic derivation of load combinations in accordance with
the Eurocodes offers a potential saving on design loads in the region
of 10%.

We have to be prepared to use the Eurocodes from next year, and
the codes will become the normal standards for design within the
foreseeable future.

The End
Thank-you for Listening
Questions and Discussion