Seminar On

Is Presented by

Arman Khandelwal
Roll no.10013302709

Department of Computer Science

HMR Institute Of Technology and Management ,Delhi--36

INTRODUCTION TO A.I.

EVOLUTION

OF A.I.

BRANCHES

OF A.I.

APPLICATIONS OF A.I.

CONCLUSIONS ON A.I.

WHAT IS A.I. ?
A.I. is a branch of computer science that studies the computational requirements for tasks such as perception, reasoning and learning and develop systems to perform those tasks

The field of Artificial intelligence strives to understand and build intelligent entities
A.I.

Strong A.I. M/C can think and act like human

Weak A.I. Some thinking like features can be added to M/C

INTRODUCTION
TURING TEST
* Proposed by Alan Turing(1950), a British Computer

Scientist.
* Intelligence is defined as the ability to achieve human level performance in all cognitive tests, sufficient to fool a human interrogator.

* The test was devised in response to the question, Can

a computer think ?. * Result was +ve if interrogator can not tell if responses are coming from the M/C or Human.

INTRODUCTION
TURING TEST
One person sits at a computer and types the questions. The computer is connected to two other hidden computers At one computer, Human reads and responds to questions. At the other end, computer with no Human aid runs the program to provide responses.

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
* AI is a branch of computer science dealing with symbolic,
nonalgorithmic methods of problem solving * AI is a branch of computer science that deals with ways of

knowledge using symbols rather than numbers and with

Heuristics, method for processing information.

* AI works with pattern matching methods which attempt to

describe objects , events or processes in terms of their qualitative features and logical and computational

Relationship.

INTRODUCTION
What is Intelligence ?
To respond to situations very flexibly. To make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messages.

To recognize the relative importance of different elements of

situations To find similarities between situations despite difference To draw distinctions between situations despite similarities which may link them.

HISTORY
1943 McCulloh and Pitts, Boolean circuit model of brain. 1950 Turings computing machine and intelligence. 1950s Early AI programs including Samuels checker program, Newell and Simons logic theorist, Gelisnters geometry engine 1956 Dartmouth conference.

J. McCarthy, M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester, and C.E. Shannon. August 31, 1955. "We propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. The study is to proceed on the basis of the conjecture that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it."

HISTORY
1952-69 Look, Ma, no hands! era. 1958 McCarthy moves to MIT, LISP was born.

1965 Robinsons complete algorithm for logical reasoning.

1966-74 AI discovers computational complex. Neural network research almost disappears.

1969-79 - Early development in knowledge based systems.

The hype of the artificial intelligence technology had failed to deliver the expected computing ability for these reasons: The business community increased its collection of data, but the expectation for its usefulness in critical business assessment & decision making was not realized Failure to extract meaning from complex and imprecise data Need to replace the conventional approach to define algorithms to solve problem and make predictions when there are no known solution Sequential batch processing of data is inadequate for the speed at which information is needed

HISTORY
1980-88 : Expert system industry booms.

1988-93 : Expert system industry busts.

1985-88 : Neural networks return to popularity.

1995

: Agents Agents Agents.

(present)

Logical AI
What a program knows about the world in general the facts of the specific situation in which it must act and its goal are all represented by sentences of some mathematical logical language.

Pattern Recognition
When a program makes observation of some kind, it is often programmed to compare what it sees with already stored patterns.

Representation
Facts about the world have to be represented in some way. Usually languages of mathematical logic are used.

Common Sense, Knowledge and Reasoning

This is an era in which AI is farthest from human level. While there has been considerable progress, e.g. in development systems of non monotonic reasoning and theories of action

Planning
Planning programs start with general facts about the world. They generate a strategy for achieving the goal, the strategy is just a sequence of action.

Epistemology
This is a study of the kinds of knowledge that are required for solving problems in the world.

Ontology
It is the study of kinds of things that exist. In AI, things deal with various kinds of object.

Heuristics
Heuristics is a way of trying to discover something or an idea embedded in a program. It predicates that compare two nodes in a search tree to see if one is better than other, e.I. constitutes an advance towards the goal, may be more useful.

Genetic Engineering
It is a technique for getting programs to solve a task by mating random LISP programs and selecting fittest in millions of generations.

Expert systems. Natural Language Processing (NLP).

Speech recognition.
Computer vision.

Robotics.
Automatic Programming.

EXPERT SYSTEMS
An Expert System is a computer program designed to act as an expert in a particular domain (area of expertise).
Domain of E.S.

Knowledge base
Facts Heuristics

Phases in Expert System

Expert systems currently are designed to assist experts, not to replace them, They have been used in medical diagnosis, chemical analysis, geological explorations etc.

Speech Recognition
The primary interactive method of communication used by humans is not reading and writing, it is speech. The goal of speech recognition research is to allow computers to understand human speech. So that they can hear our voices and recognize the words we are speaking.

It simplifies the process of interactive communication between people and computers, thus it advances the goal of NLP.

Natural Language Processing

The goal of NLP is to enable people and computers to communicate in a natural (humanly) language(such as, English) rather than in a computer language. The field of NLP is divided in 2 categories Natural Language understanding. Natural Language generation.

Computer Vision
People generally use vision as their primary means of sensing their environment, we generally see more than we hear, feel or smell or taste. The goal of computer vision research is to give computers this same powerful facility for understanding their surrounding. Here AI helps computer to understand what they see through attached cameras.

Robotics
A Robot is a electro-mechanical device that can by programmed to perform manual tasks or a reprogrammable multi functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for performance of variety of tasks.
An intelligent robot includes some kind of sensory apparatus that allows it to respond to change in its environment.

APPLICATIONS
Robotics

Automatic Programming
Programming is a process of telling a computer exactly what you want it to do. Writing a program is a tedious job. It must be designed, written, tested, debugged and evaluated.
The goal of automatic planning is to create special programs that act intelligent tools to assist programmers and expedite each phase of programming process. Ultimate aim is computer itself should develop a program in accordance with specifications of programmer.

The day is not far when you will just sit back in your cozy little beds and just command your personal Robot's to entirely do your ruts . He will be a perfect companion for you. Just enjoy the Technology.

But wait, dont be happy. It may end in other way too. Some day there will be a knock to your door. As you open it, you see a large number of Robots marching into your house destroying everything you own and looting you.

This is because ever since there is an advantage in the Technology, it attracts anti-social elements. This is true for Robots too. Because now they will have full power to think as human, even as of anti-social elements. So think trice before giving them power of Cognition.

In its short existence, AI has increased understanding of the nature of intelligence and provided an impressive array of application in a wide range of areas. It has sharpened understanding of human reasoning, and of the nature of intelligence in general. At the same time, it has revealed the complexity of modeling human reasoning providing new areas and rich challenges for the future.

Available at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence
Provides a broad overview of Artificial intelligence Numerous links to other reference materials for a better understanding of the various types of researches available today