Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Saleh Al Salamah
6. 7. 8. 9.
b) Minor groups of salivary glands may be found in the lips, cheeks, tongue, floor of the mouth, palate, larynx, trachea and tonsils and lacrymal gland. And all are liable to undergo the same pathological change as the major groups.
FUNCTIONS:
The Salivary glands secrets saliva which contains the enzyme amylase (protein of molecular wt. 50,000. Containing calcium which splits starch and glycogen into maltose) all the secretory activity is regulated mainly by parasympathetic nerves.
The total salivary secretion is between 1,000 ml 1,500 ml daily and is almost all the result of stimulation.
Deficiency
Deficiency of the saliva cause dry mouth (xerostormia)
eg: Dehydration, Sjogrens syndrome, atropine which blocks the action of parasympathetic nerves on the glands.
b.
Edge,
Sugar etc.. II. Constituents of saliva in inflammatory diseases. The sodium increased while the phosphate level is decreased. The albumin usually very low but increased in Sjogrens diseases, also antibodies can be demonstrated. Contd.
III. Radiology: a) Plain X-ray (20% of salivary calculi are non-opaque to Xrays) b) Sialogram
Radiology is helpful in the diagnosis of;
Calculi Degree of glandular damage in obstruction Duct strictures Duct fistulas and sialoceles Contd.
IV. V.
tumour
Radio Isotopes: Tc 99 warthins tumours may take up more of the isotopes and appear as (hot) lesion. Carcinoma take up very little and appear cold. CAT scanning has definite place in the assessment of deep parotid tumours.
VI.
Chronic
Recurrent
Mumps
Post
Autoimmune
On Examination: The parotid gland is tender and diffusely enlarged and purulent discharge can be seen oozing (or can be milked) from the parotid duct orifice (Stensen duct). TREATMENT:
a. Parenteral antibiotics.
b. If parotid abscess has already formed surgical drainage should be performed.
CHRONIC SIALADENITIS
Prolonged obstruction of major salivary gland by ductal calculus causes chronic inflammation of the gland. The glandular secretory element, progressively atrophy and are replaced by fibrous and adipose tissues.
Chronic Sialadenitis and salivary calculi usually involved the submandibular gland. The submandibular gland swollen and there may be purulent discharge from the duct. The swelling is made worse by taking food.
TREATMENT: by removing the duct obstruction. Antibiotics may be necessary.
RECURRENT SIALADENITIS
which
Usually affects the parotid glands are subject to recurrent attacks of pain and swelling caused by combination of obstruction and infection of the glands.
RECURRENT SIALADENITIS
(contd)
There may be an associated dilatation of the duct system and alveoli of the glands with terminal sacculation (Sialectasis) associated with strictures of the duct or stones. These changes best demonstrated by performing Sialogram.
RECURRENT SIALADENITIS
Treatment:
a. Antibiotics with careful attention to oral hygiene. b. Associated strictures is treated with dilatation. c. If stones present these must be removed. b. Intractable causes may required surgical removal of the gland.
MUMPS
Viral infectious disease attack the parotid gland mainly incubation period (17-21days) which is usually bilateral usually occur in children. Fever, painful swelling and difficulty in mastication.
MUMPS
(contd)
* *
Mumps is interest to the Surgeon for the following reasons: Occasional cause of acute orchitis especially when mumps occurs in adolescent or young adults pain and swelling in the testicle occur 7-10 days after the onset of parotid and may lead to testicular atrophy.
Aetiological factors include dental sepsis, dehydration. The presence of nasogastric tube for prolonged period and poor oral hygiene.
Clinically there is swelling and pain in one or both parotid gland and there may be discharge from the duct.
II. Submandibular calculus: very common being more than 50 times than parotid this is due to:
b.
c.
PATHOLOGY:
The stones may be singly or multiple and may lie in the gland, duct or both. They contain high proportion of calcium. The gland often enlarged and inflammed as chronic irritation and obstruction by the stone.
Sialography.
Occasionally present with acute or chronic bacterial infection (Sialadenitis). On Examination: * The gland is enlarged and firm and tender .
If the stone lies in the duct it can be felt or even seen in the floor of the mouth.
SALIVARY FISTULAS: Submandular fistulas uncommon (rare) and always arises in the gland
TREATMENT: by excision of the gland
PAROTID FISTULA:
May follow penetrating wound or incision of parotid abscess. It may arise from the main duct or from the ductules within the gland
TREATMENT:
a.
b.
c.
Classification:
I. Benign:
a) Mixed salivary tumor or pleomorphic adenoma b) Adenolymphoma or warthins tumor c) Oncocytoma d) Monomorphic adenoma
II. Malignant:
a) Primary carcinoma b) Secondary carcinoma direct invasion from skin or from secondarily involved lymph nodes
The most common benign neoplasms of salivary glands. Most pleomorphic present in middle age but may occur at any age and equally in either sex.
PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA
It usually remains benign for many years but unless adequately removed it tend to recur and to turn malignant.
Clinically: a) Slow growing painless lump mostly in parotid and some in submandular and few in the minor glands. b) Mobile with well defined edge and smooth or lobulated surface. Definitive diagnosis can only be made histologically after excision
Treatment surgical removal (superficial parotidectomy)
Clinically:
Clinical Features:
Affects elderly people and common in parotid with equal sex distribution.
The tumor forms rapidly growing hard swelling with ill defined edges and nodular surface.
Soon becomes fixed with pain-facial palsy, and lymph nodes enlargement but distant metastasis are rare.
TREATMENT:
1. Operable Tumors:
a) Radical parotidectomy combined with block dissection of the cervical lymph node. b) Post-operative radiotherapy c) When the tumor arises in the other site of salivary tissues wide local excision is performed with block dissection of lymph node.
2. Non operative tumor with infiltration to the skull and pharynx. Radiotherapy can be given.
Complication of Parotidectomy:
1) Damage to facial nerve causes facial palsy or damage to its branches 2) Salivary fistula
3) Freys syndrome
Biopsy reveals the swelling is caused by replacement of glandular tissues by lymphoid tissue and fibrosis.
MICKULICZs SYNDROME
1) 2) 3) Symmetrical enlargement of salivary glands Enlargement of the lachrymal glands Dry mouth
Dry eyes
Generalized arthritis
3) Tumors: The commonest tumor in infants is haemangioma found in 2-3 years old child. The tumor nearly undergo natural resolution.
4) Lymphangiomas: They have tendency to enlarged and infection. The treatment partial resection.