DIPHASIC ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF ORGANIC WASTE

AGENDA : Anaerobic digestion Advantages of biogas Brief description of Anaerobic Filter, UASB and Hybrid reactors Various designs of HUASB from literature Proposed experimental design of the current study (Acid Phase and Methane Phase reactors) Parameters to be analyzed Expected outcomes of the study Questions

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
The use of microbes in the absence of oxygen for the stabilization of organic material by conversion to methane, carbon dioxide, new biomass and inorganic products

Anaerobic treatment is most suitable for wastewaters with COD concentrations in the high strength range (>2000 mg/l)

Anaerobic Digestion Process

Hydrolysis Process conversion of insoluble high molecular compounds (lignin, carbohydrates, fats) to lower molecular compounds

Acidogenesis Process conversion of soluble lower molecular components of fatty acids, amino acids and sugars (monosaccharides) to lower molecular intermediate products (volatile acids, alcohol, ammonia, H2 and CO2) Acetogenesis is a process through which acetate is produced by anaerobic bacteria from a variety of energy (for example, hydrogen) and carbon (for example, carbon dioxide) sources

Methanogenesis Process conversion of volatile acids & intermediate products to final

product of methane and CO2 Anaerobic digestion produces biogas and digestate is a byproduct of the process

Acid Phase

Methane Phase

BIOGAS
Biogas is produced by bacteria through the bio-degradation of organic material under anaerobic conditions. It mainly contains CH4 and CO2 , approximately 60% and 40% respectively.

BENEFITS OF BIOGAS
Production of energy (heat, light, electricity) Transformation of organic wastes into high quality fertilizer Improvement of hygienic conditions through reduction of pathogens, worm eggs and flies Reduction of workload, mainly for women, in firewood collection and cooking Protects the earth's natural resources Environmental benefits on a global scale

Economical benefits by energy and fertilizer substitutes

ANAEROBIC FILTER
As wastewater flows through the filter, particles are trapped and organic media is degraded by the biomass that is attached to the filter material Filter materials commonly used are gravel, crushed rocks or plastic pieces By providing a large surface area for bacterial mass, there is increased contact between organic matter and active biomass that effectively degrades it It can be operated in either upflow or downflow mode Upflow mode is preferred because there is less risk that the fixed biomass will be washed out

UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB)

Bacteria grow and are suspended in the reactor liquid

The sludge blanket is comprised of microbial granules, i.e. small agglomerations (0.5 to 2mm in diameter) of microorganisms that, because of their weight, resist being washed out in the upflow The microorganisms in the sludge layer degrade organic compounds. As a result, gases (methane and carbon dioxide) are released. The rising bubbles mix the sludge without the assistance of any mechanical parts

HYBRID REACTOR
Combination of Anaerobic filter and UASB with the lower section being UASB and an upflow AF on top UASB occupies two-thirds of the reactor volume

ROLE OF FILTER IN HYBRID REACTOR :

o Improves stability at short HRT and tolerance to shock loading

o More than physical role for biomass retention it has some biological activity contributing to COD reduction

o Main role is to repress the sludge wash out

Higher the filter layer, higher is the biomass retention capacity, but higher is the cost

VARIOUS DESIGNS OF HUASB FROM LITERATURE

PROPOSED EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF THE CURRENT STUDY

Fresh CDS

Volatile Fatty Acids

Kitchen waste

Acid Phase reactor

ACID PHASE

DESIGNS OF HUASB IN THIS STUDY

Biogas
7.5 cm

17 cm

2.5 l working volume

60 cm
33 cm
2.5 cm

8 cm

VFA

Biogas
6.25 cm

14.17 cm

2.5 l working volume

50 cm
27.5 cm
2.1 cm

8.75 cm

VFA

Biogas
5 cm

11.33 cm

2.5 l working volume 40 cm

22 cm
1.6 cm

10 cm

VFA

Biogas
3.75 cm

8.5 cm

1.25 l working volume 30 cm

16.5 cm
1.25 cm

8 cm

VFA

Biogas
5 cm

11.33cm

1.25 l working volume 40 cm

22 cm
1.67 cm

6.9 cm

VFA

PROPOSED PARAMETERS TO BE ANALYZED

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) : used to measure the amount of organic compounds in water Colorimetric method Spectrophotometer 420nm or 600nm Oxidizing Agent Potassium Dichromate TEMPERATURE : Three optimum temperature ranges - Psychrophilic : 5 to 15 C - Mesophilic : 35 to 40 C - Thermophilic : 55 to 60 C Thermophilic digesters are more efficient in terms of retention time, loading rate and nominal gas production but they need a higher heat input and have greater sensitivity to operating and environmental changes which makes the process problematic. Hence mesophilic digestion is most commonly adopted.

 pH : Optimal range is 6.4 to 7.2 TOTAL SOLIDS (TS %) : term applied to the material residue left in the vessel after evaporation of a sample and its subsequent drying in an oven at a defined temperature Oven at 103 to 105 C

VOLATILE SOLIDS (VS %) : weight loss on ignition Muffle furnace at 550 C

Wdish = Weight of dish (mg) Wsample = Weight of wet sample and dish (mg) Wtotal = Weight of dried residue and dish (mg) Wvolatile = Weight of residue and dish after ignition (mg)

HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME :

Measure of avg length of time that a soluble compound remains in a bioreactor HRT = vol of tank / influent flow rate

ORGANIC LOADING RATE :

Weight of organic matter per day applied per unit volume If it is too high system tends to clog It indicates the amount of volatile solids fed to the digester each day

EXPECTED OUTCOMES :
Design and startup of Hybrid Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor for treatment of kitchen waste.

THANKYOU