PRESENTED BY:DEWANK PATHAK PRIYANKA JADON

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MBA (2011-13)

CONTENTS
SOURCES OF ERROR CRITERIA FOR GOOD SCALE

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SOURCES OF ERROR
There are four major sources of error in

measurement. These are: The Respondent The situation The measurer The instrument for data collection

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1. THE RESPONDENT
Measurement get distorted on account of

different opinions of the respondent on a given issue. These difference may take place due to status of the respondent, level of education, social class, nature of job.

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2. THE SITUATION
The situation in which an interview is being

held also influences measurement.

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3. THE MEASURER
The measurer is the interviewer who is

conducting interviews on the basis of a questionnaire. Measurement error may crop up on account of the method used by the interviewer. It is possible that he may not be very careful while recording responses.

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4. THE INSTRUMENT
Defective instrument for data collection may

cause distortion in number of ways. Such as: The questionnaire is too lengthy containing a no. of questions. The questionnaire has an element of ambiguity in the questions. The language use in a question is suggestive of a particular response.
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CRITERIA FOR GOOD SCALE

There

are two important criteria for ascertaining whether the scale developed is good or not. Reliability Validity

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Reliability
There are three major estimating the reliability

of measurement. These are: Test retest reliability The alternate forms reliability Split half reliability

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1. TEST RETEST RELIABILITY

This form of reliability involves repeated

measurement of the same respondent or group using the same scaling technique under similar conditions. This would involve administering a test at two points of time to the same person or a group of persons. The scores of the two tests would then correlated. If the correlation is low, then the reliability too is less.
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2. THE ALTERNATIVE FORMS RELIABILITY

Alternative forms reliability involves the same

respondent being given a set of two forms. The forms are considered equivalent but are not identical. The result obtained on the basis of these forms are compared to ascertain whether there is considerable difference b/w the two scores.
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3. SPLIT HALF RELIABILITY

The split half technique can be use in case of

multi item instrument. It involves splitting of a multi item measurement instrument into two equivalent groups.

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VALIDITY
Content validity
Predictive validity Concurrent validity

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1.Content validity
The researcher should first define the problem

clearly, identify the items to be measured & evolve a suitable scale for the purpose. Qualitative in nature.
Content validity, sometimes called logical or

rational validity, is the estimate of how much a measure represents every single element of a construct.
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2.PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
Predictive validity signifies how best the

researcher can guess the future performance, from his knowledge of the attitude score.
Most educational and employment tests are

used to predict future performance, so predictive validity is regarded as essential in these fields.
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3. CONCURRENT VALIDITY
In the case of concurrent validity, an attitude

scale on one variable can be used to estimate scores on another variable. Example:- One may decide the social status of the respondents on the basis of their attitude towards savings.

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