AT INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND ALLIED SCIENCES (INMAS)

Made By :-Jon Doe Electronics and Communication Engineering Final Year

Electrocardiogram (ECG)
An ECG is a graphical

tracing of the electrical activity of the heart over time via skin electrodes. It provides information on the condition and performance of the heart.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)
An ECG comprises of following sections: P Wave:-The P wave corresponds to the depolarisation and contraction of the atria. QRS Complex:-The QRS complex is a structure on the ECG that corresponds to the depolarization and contraction of the ventricles. T Wave:-The T wave represents the re-polarization of the ventricles.

 It is the variation of heart beats with time.

Heart Rate Variability (HRV)

It is measured by the variation in R-R interval. HRV analysis can be used as a measure of stress. Decreased HRV is related to an increased risk of death . HRV is a measure of the continous interplay

between sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on heart rate.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM(ANS)

Through ANS signals from the brain reach the target

organs which make up the stress response. ANS has two parts:

Sympathetic Nervous system(SNS) Parasympathetic Nervous system(PNS)

S NS responds quickly to stress. SNS is a raising activity while PNS is a lowering

activity Activity in SNS increases HR Activity in PNSdecreases HR

HRV ANALYSIS
Has two categories:

Time domain analysis Frequency domain analsis

Time domain analysis is done by measuring the R-R

interval In Frequency domain analysis fourier transform is applied on the R-R tachogram to explore variability as a function of frequency.

Pan Tomkins Algorithm

Detects the QRS complexes of ECG signals based upon

digital analysis of slope,amplitude and width. An accurate QRS detection is needed by many ECG instruments. QRS detections is difficult othervise,due to physiological variability of the QRS complexes and also because of the various types of noises present in the ECG signal. QRS detection is also useful in HRV analysis.

 Pan Tomkins Algorithm involves following steps :

1) Low Pass Filtering 2) High Pass Filtering 3) Derivative Filtering 4) Squaring Filter 5) Moving Window Integration

Pan Tomkins Algorithm

Original ECG Signal

To attenuate noise,the signal is passsed through a bandpass filter composed of cascaded high pass and low pass filters.

Pan Tomkins Algorithm

ECG signal after Low Pass Filtering

Signal after High Pass Filtering

Pan Tomkins Algorithm

The next stage is differentiation, in which information

about the slope of QRS is obtained. Signal after Derivative Filtering

Pan Tomkins Algorithm

Squaring process intensifies the slope of the frequency

response curve of the derivative and helps restrict false positives Signal after applying Squaring Filter

Pan Tomkins Algorithm

Moving window integrator produces a signal that

indicates information about both slope and width of the QRS complex. Signal after Moving Window Integration

Pan Tomkins Algorithm

R-peaks detection using Pan Tomkins Algorithm

FUTURE ASPECTS
An accurate QRS detection is neede in many ECG

instruments. Used for different ongoing and new researches based on ECG signals. These researches include study on HRV analysis with varying workload, working memory and emotions.

Thank You