UNIT V SUBSTATION SYSTEMS

SUB-STATION
Number of transformer and switching stations built b/w generating station and consumer is known as SUBSTATION. Equipments include : Transformer circuit breaker buses insulators reactor & capacitor

C.T & P.T grounding system lightning arrestors Protective relays Substation used in distribution system operates at voltages from 11 kV to 66 kV. Substation used in transmission system operates at voltages from 66 kV to 765 kV.

Types of sub-station
Depending on the service purpose :
GENERATING SUBSTATION OR STEP-UP SUBSTATIONS : * located near the generating plants * voltage levels are 11 kV, 6.6 kV or 13.8 kV * generating unit is connected to generating transformers to increase the secondary voltage GRID SUBSTATIONS : * located in the intermediate points b/w generating stations and load centers * purpose are to provide connections of low voltage lines, some compensating devices, etc.,

SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS : * connected with main grid substations with the help of secondary transmission lines * voltages at this station are stepped down to the primary distribution voltages ( 11 kV, 6.6 kV) * large factories are directly connected to these substations DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS : * connected b/w primary distribution and secondary distribution * voltages at this station are stepped down to the supply voltages ( 400 V, 230V)

 SPECIAL PURPOSE : * transfer bulk power

* used to improve power factor of the system

* used to change the supply frequency * used to construction purpose DEPENDING ON THE PHYSICAL FEATURES: Indoor substations Outdoor substations Pole mounted or open type Underground substations

BUSBAR

Solid material made up of Al/Cu/ ACSR Provided for each phase and neutral Connected to generator on one side & a number of connections are taken out for different out going feeders Also found in sub stations May be either rigid or strain type LV or MV RIGID TYPE (Al / Cu ) HV STRAIN TYPE ( ACSR )

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

SUBSTATION BUS SCHEMES Single bus schemes Single bus bar with bus sectionalizer Double bus with double breaker Double bus with single breaker Main and transfer bus Ring bus (mesh scheme) Breaker and Half with two main buses Double bus bar with by pass isolators

1. SINGLE BUS SCHEME :

one bus bar section Incoming from generator / overhead line Outgoing is connected to various load Used for voltage of 33 kV Used in small outdoor substation ADVANTAGE: low cost DISADVANTAGE: during failure, it can cause a serious outage bus cannot be extended can be used where loads can be interrupted

2.SINGLE BUS BAR WITH BUS SECTIONALIZER It is normally divided into 2 sections with the help of CB & isolator I/C & O/G circuits are evenly distributed Each section behaves as a separate bus bar

3. DOUBLE BUS WITH DOUBLE BREAKER

SECOND BUS IS USED AS A STAND BY BUS
Loads are supplied from bus 1

If there is any overloading / fault in bus1 the loads are transferred to second bus bar
useful for most of the purpose to give CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY

DOUBLE BUS BAR SYSTEM WITH DOUBLE BREAKER

 ADV: any failure / maintainenance of one bus bar , we will get supply from other bus bar any breaker can be taken out more reliable DIS ADV: more expensive if not preperly installed, may lose many circuits & CB s

4. DOUBLE BUS WITH SINGLE BREAKER

Uses 2 main buses and connected with two isolators TIE- CIRCUIT OR BUS COUPLER enables a load changes from one bus to another. ADVANTAGES: possibility of cleaning & maintenance without interrupting supply flexibility separate operation of section by the use of tie breaker

 DISADVANTAGES: extra tie-breaker required one circuit, four isolator are needed during breaker maintenance, discontinuity of supply occurs if tie-breaker fault occurs, entire sub station will be out of service.

5. MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS:

Loads are fed from main bus bar. LOAD EXCEEDS the bus bar capacity of main bus, then some of loads are shifted to transfer bus. Whenever THERE IS A FAULT in the main bus all loads are shifted to transfer bus. Used for DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS. Transfer bus is a STAND BY for emergency use. ADVANTAGE: number of CB required are less low initial cost

 any CB can be taken out of service during

maintenance. For relaying / protection, P.T & C.T may be used on main bus. DISADVANTAGES:

switching is complicated. failure of a bus / CB result in shut down of entire substation . Therefore extra breaker is reqd.

6.RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME:

Consist of CONTINUOUS BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT IN A CLOSED LOOP/ RING like fashion interconnected with suitable CB. Supply can be from more than one source. Each branch requires only one breaker & each breaker can be isolated. ADVANTAGES: each branch requires only one breaker. initial cost is low. continuity of supply is available during maintenance of CB

 switching operation is done by breakers. does not use main bus. DISADVANTAGE:
AUTOMATIC RECLOSING AND PROTECTIVE RELAYING CIRCUIT IS COMPLEX.

REQUIRES EXTRA DEVICES FOR

SYNCHRONISING.

7.BREAKER & HALF WITH TWO MAIN BUSES:

Similar to double breaker scheme. But 3 CB are connected in series b/w 2 main buses. At normal condn: all breaker are closed & main buses are energized For tripping , two associated CB must be opened. ADVANTAGES: high reliability operation is flexible if breaker near the bus fails, only one circuit from service may be removed one MAIN bus can be taken out of service without supply interruption but protection is complicated.

8.DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH BYPASS ISOLATOR:

SIMILAR TO MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS. But TRANSFER bus is also MAIN bus. Transfer from one bus to another bus is done by ISOLATORS.

ADVANTAGES: Any bus can act as main bus Any breaker can be taken out of service Simple and Economical

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
- That part of a power system which distributes electric power for local use

Feeders: A feeder is a conductor which connects the substation or localised generating station to the area where power is to be distributed. No tappings are provided Current is same throughout During its design, current carrying capacity is the main consideration. Distributor: It is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to the customers. In the figure shown above AB, BC, CD & DA are the distributors During its design, voltage carrying capacity is the main consideration

Service Mains: It is the small cable which connects the distributor to the customer terminals. Classification of Distribution systems Based on the nature of current : (i) DC distribution system (ii) AC distribution system Based on the type of construction: (i) Overhead system (ii) Underground system Based on the scheme of connection: (i) Radial system (ii) Ring main system (iii) Interconnected system

A.C Distribution systems

Primary Distribution Systems: - operates at voltages higher than general utilisation and handles large block of electrical energy - Common voltage are 11kV, 6.6kV and 3.3kV - Electrical Power from generating station is transmited at high voltage to substation located in or near the city - Power is supplied to various distribution substation

Secondary Distribution Systems: -It employs 400/230V, 3 phase , 4wire systems -Substation voltages are stepped down to 400V and power is delivered by 3 phase , 4wire systems -Voltage between any two phase is 400V and between any one phase and neutral is 230V -Domestic loads are connected b/w one phase

D.C Distribution Systems For certain applications D.C supply is absolutely necessary , for eg. Dc motors, storage battery reserves etc. Ac power is converted into dc power at the sub station by using converter machinery. The dc supply from the sub station may be obtained in the form of 2 wire and 3 wire dc systems. (i) 2 wire dc system: Consists of two wires( +ve & -ve) Loads are connected in parallel between the wires

(ii) 3 wire dc systems: - consists of two outers and a neutral wire

Connection schemes of Distribution System

(i) Radial system: It is shown in the fig. below

-separate feeders radiate from single substationand feed the distributors at one end only It is employed only when the power is generated low voltage and the substation is located at the center of the load Advantages: 1. Low initial cost 2. Simplest Distribution circuit Disadvantages: 1. End users will be heavily loaded and subjected voltage fluctuations also 2. Consumers are dependent upon only one feeder and distributors

(ii) Ring main System

- Primaries of distribution transformers form a loop - Loop circuit starts from the substation bus bars and makes a loop through the area to be served and return to the substation. Advantages: 1. Less voltage fluctuations 2.Very reliable(each distributor is fed via two feeders) (iii) Interconnected system: - Feeder ring is energised by two or more than two generating station.Interconnected system is shown in the figure. Efficiency is increased.

Interconnected system is shown in the figure.