Jalpan J.Shah S.Y.Bsc(Biotech) Roll No.

48 Government Science College Khokhara, Ahmedabad

Monday, October 08, 2012

BIOSENSOR
Introduction Different types of biosensor Applications of biosensor

What is Biosensor??
It consists of 3 parts: the sensitive biological element [biological material (eg. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc), a biologically derived material or biomimic] The sensitive elements can be created by biological engineering.
the transducer or the detector element (works in a

physicochemical way; optical, piezoelectric, electrochemical, etc.) that transforms the signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the biological element into another signal (i.e., transducers) that can be more easily measured and quantified;

associated electronics or signal processors that is

primarily responsible for the display of the results in a user-friendly way.

Schematic Diagram of Biosensor

Schematic diagram showing the main components of a biosensor. The biocatalyst (a) converts the substrate to product. This reaction is determined by the transducer (b) which converts it to an electrical signal. The output from the transducer is amplified (c), processed (d) and displayed (e).

A glucose electrode
Glucose soln Cellulose acetate membrane Permeable teflon membrane Ring seal

Platinum O2 electrode

Saturated KCl solution

Mechanism of a glucose electrode

Glucose soln is brought into the contact of mambrane Glucose & oxygen pass through membrane into the enzyme

layer & as a result of oxidation reduction reactions,converted into gluconic acid & hydrogen peroxide in the presence of water,oxygen & glucose oxidase. Consequently,oxygen conc.in the gel around electrode is lowered down. H2O2 brings about a change in current i.e.measurable signal. Electrode records the rate of reaction. The rate of diminition of oxygen conc.is proportional to glucose conc.of the sample.

Something more about glucose electrode

In 1987,for the first time Yellow Springs

Instruments Co.,USA developed a biosensor for a diagnostic purposes for measuring glucose in blood plasma. It is a hand-held machine which measures six components of blood plasma for example Glucose,Urea,Nitrogen,Sodium,Potassium & Chioride. An indigenous glucose sensor has been developed by the scientists at Central Elecro-chemical Research Institute(CECRI),Karaikudi. It gives electic signal for a glucose conc. as low as 0-15 millimoles.

Different types of Biosensor

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Biosensors are of different types based on the use of different biological material & sensor devices, a few of them are as under: Electro-chemical Biosensor Amperometric Biosensor Thermistor containing Biosensor Bioaffinity sensor Whole cell(Microbial) Biosensor Opto-electronic Biosensor

Electro-chemical Biosensor
This type of biosensor has been developed

by using electronic devices such as field effect transmitors or light emitting diode; the former measures charge accumulation on their surface & the later photoresponse generated in a silica based chip as an alternating current.
measures a biochemical reaction at the surface & induce into current. be modified to ion sensitive, enzyme sensitive OR antibody sensitive ones by using selective ions, enzyme or antibodies respectively.

Hence, the field effect transmitor

Moreover, the field effect transmitors can

Amperometric biosensor
Amperometric biosensors are those which measures the

reaction of anylate with enzyme & generate electrons directly or through mediator.
electrode

product

enzyme eRedoxmediator eIn this biosensor,a redox reaction catalysed by an enzymes is directly coupled to an electrode where enzyme is presentd with the oxidizable substrate.

e-

substrate

Thermistor containing Biosensor

Thermistor is used to record even a

small temperature changes (between 0.1-0.001C) during biochemical reactions. By immobilizing enzymes like cholesterol oxidase, glucose oxidase, invertase, tyrosinase, etc.thermistors have been developed. Moreover, thermistors are also employed for the study of antigenantibody with very high sensitivity in case of thermometric Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay(ELISA).

Bioaffinity sensor
transducer Labelled receptor

determinant Determinant analogue

fig. Principle of Bioaffinity sensor Bioaffinity sensors are developed recently. It

measures the conc.of the determinants.i.e. substrate based on equilibrium binding. This shows a high degree of selectivity. These are of diverse nature because of the use of radiolabelled, enzymelabelled or fluorescencelabelled substance.

Working of bioaffinity biosensor

In this biosensor, a receptor is radiolabelled & allowed

to bind with determinant analogue immobilized onto the surface of a trasducer. When conc.of a determinant are increased,the labelled receptor forms an intimately bound complex with determinant. Finally,radiolabelled receptor-determinant complex is removed from the immobilized determinant analogue resulting in the increased conc.of labelled receptor.this is measured by a reduction in signal of the labelled receptor. Gronow(1988) have discussed that the possibilities of this type of biosensors are the use of..

Receptors

Lectin Hormone Drug Antibody Nucleic acid

Estimation

saccharide hormone drug antigen inherited disease & fingerprinting

Whole cell Biosensors (Microbial Biosensors)

In this device,either immobilized whole cell of

microorganisms OR their organelles are used. These react with a large number of substrates and show generally slow response. Immobilized Azotobacter vinelandii coupled with 5 ammonia electrode shows sensitivity range between 10 & 810 mol dm3 .It measures the conc. of nitrate within 5-10 min2. Examples of microbial biosensors are given in the table.

microorganis Bacillus subtilis

Methylomonas flagellata

Sensoring for
Mutagen sreening methane ethanol

Response time(min)
90-100 1 10

range
3 1-6g cm

Upto 6.6 m mol 3 dm Below 22.5 mg 3 dm

T.brassicae

Opto-electric biosensor
In this biosensor either enzymes or

antibodies are immobilized on the surface of a membrane. For measuring colour,biosensor with enzyme and dye is immobilized to a membrane. When a substrate is catalysed to yield product,changes in pH of the medium occur. This results in changes in dyemembrane complex. These changes in colour are measured by using a light emitting diode & a photodiode.

Applications of Biosensor
In the beginning biosensor was applied in

the field of medicine & industry. But in recent years,biosensors are becoming popular in many areas due to the Small size Rapid & easy handling Low cost Greater sensitivity & selectivity Use Use Use Use in in in in medicine & health pollution control industry military

Some of the areas is described as below:

Some other Applications..

There are many potential application of biosensors of

various type. Glucose monitoring in diabetes patients <-- historical market driver Other medical health related targets Environmental applications e.g. the detection of pesticides and river water contaminants Remote sensing of airborne bacteria e.g. in counterbioterrorist activities Detection of pathogens. Determining levels of toxic substances before and after bioremediation Detection and determining of organophosphate Routine analytical measurement of folic acid, biotin, vitamin B12 and pantothenic acid as an alternative to microbiological assay Determination of drug residues in food, such as antibiotics and growth promoters, particularly meat and honey. Drug discovery and evaluation of biological activity of new compounds. Detection of toxic metabolites such as mycotoxins.

references
http://www.schandgroup.com
http://www.biosensor.com http://www.britanicca.com

Thanking you
Jalpan shah