By: Afiq Hemalatha Lee Kaw Siang Sam Yujia Winnie Beda

A phone produced by the closure or partial closure of both lips. (See the diagram of a head). The English sounds represented by the letters p in pit and b in bad are bilabial stops, produced by stopping and then releasing the air flow out of the mouth by closing the lips. Bilabial and labiodental phones are together classed as labial. The consonants are b, p, m, and w

[p], voiceless bilabial stop [b], voiced bilabial stop [m], voiced bilabial nasal [m], voiceless bilabial nasal [], voiced bilabial implosive [p], bilabial ejective (rare) [] or [p], voiceless bilabial implosive (very rare)

Example:

[] []
Both spelled as

think and this

Inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth.

th

Lower lip and upper teeth f, v

fall- [fl]

Back of the tongue- soft palate @ velum [k], [g], []

Initial sound- kick- [kk]

Final sound- back- [bk]

Raise tongue to the alveolar ridge. English alveolars include /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /l/ /r/ Lateral sound and central liquid.

Raising the front part of the tongue to the palate. Palatal sounds in English: // // // // /j/

[h] as in hit, hat, hot, hut, etc. The sound of [h] is from the flow of air through the open glottis, and past the tongue and lips as they prepare to pronounce a vowel sound, which always follows [h]. (Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams, 2011) The narrowing that produces the friction noise is between the vocal folds. [h] always has the quality of the vowel that it precedes. (Roach, 2008)

Consonant Articulation One/ two articulators

Formation of stricture
Air behind the stricture pressure-loud noise

Closing phase Compression phase

Release phase
Post-release phase

No voicing in p,t,k Audible plosion Aspiration Very little voicing in b,d,g How to distinguish between b,d,g and p,t,k? Eg: pick and big

May have the characteristics of either the final or initial plosives

p,t,k are voiceless b,d,g have little voicing- very weak and not audible How to distinguish between p,t,k and b,d,g?

Fricatives = Spirants

Airflows is severely obstructed. English fricatives include /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ // // // // /h/

Only 2 affricate phonemes in English. Affricate = Plosive + Fricative Place of articulation is the same as for , (post-alveolar). =t+ (Voiceless/Fortis) =d+ (Voiced/Lenis) t component of has a place if articulation rather further back in the mouth than the t plosive usually has. (Roach, 2008)

& are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative. & are not continuants because of the initial stop closure. (Fromkin, Rodman & Hyams, 2011) Example: church /tt/ judge /dd/

Air escapes through the nose

Referred as Nasal or Nasal consonant

Have stop stricture and have an open velum (Nasal airflow and nasal resonance)

Air does not pass through the mouth; its prevented by a complete closure in the mouth

ORAL
VOICED

NASAL

m n
*

VOICELESS

p t k

*Nasal consonants in English are usually voiced. Both voiced and voiceless nasal sounds occur in other language.

Approximants can be divided into two groups: Liquids and Glides Liquid = {/l/, /r/}, Glide = {/w/, /y/}

Central Approximants = {/r/, /w/, /y/}, Lateral Approximant = {/l/}

APPROXIMANTS
Approximant

Semi-Vowel / Glide

Liquid

/y/

/w/

Retroflex

Lateral

central approximants

/r, er, axr/

/l/

lateral approximant

Phonetics: Distinctive Feature Relationships: Consonants

Manner Voicing bilabial labiodental dental
alveolar

palatoalveolar

palatal

velar

glottal

+voice
stops -voice +voice -voice +voice affricates nasals -voice +voice

b
p v f dh th

d
t z s zh sh jh ch

g
k

fricative s

approximant obstruent

ng

glides
retroflex lateral

+voice
+voice +voice

w
r l

(w)

29

BILABIAL APPROXIMANTS

The bilabial approximant /w/ is produced by the two lips being moved against each other so as to cause a narrow rounded opening, through which the air is pushed. Approximants always merge into the following vowel, and the vocal tract achieves its relevant vowel position during the formation of the approximant.

APPROXIMANTS
/w/ As in /wt/ /wea/ /wa/

The passage of air through the mouth does not go in the usual way along

Complete closure at the center of the tongue

Lateral consonants are pronounced with the air escaping on the side of the tongue rather than on the front.

Divided according to whether they have lateral fricatives or affricates