Harmonic elimination using SV PWM techniques for Multi-Level Inverters

INTRODUCTION
The voltage in an inverter is controlled by various controlling

techniques. And our project work mainly concerns to a controlling technique known as space vector PWM

Space vector PWM also proved in the work that the three-level inverter will generate less amount of harmonics than a two-level inverter.
Power Electronics Block Diagram

NEED FOR THE CONTROL OF INVERTERS

The output voltage of the inverter is to be varied so as : To compensate for the variations in the input voltage. To compensate for the regulation of the inverters. To supply some special loads which need variation of voltage with frequency, such as an induction motor.

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Single pulse width modulation. Multi pulse-width modulation. Minimum ripple current modulation Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SINEPWM). Selected harmonic elimination PWM (SHEPWM). Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM).

SINGLE PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

In single-pulse-width-modulation control, there

is only one pulse per half cycle and the width of the pulse is varied to control the inverter output voltage. Here the gating signals are generated by comparing a rectangular reference signal of amplitude (Ar) with a triangular carrier wave of amplitude (Ac).

MULTI PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

The harmonic contents can be reduced by using several pulses in each half-cycle of the output voltage.
The generation of gating signals for turning on and off of the switching device is made by comparing a reference signal with a triangular carrier wave. Number of pulses per half cycle p=Fc/2Fo

SINE PWM

SPACE VECTOR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (SVPWM)

The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output waveform is reduced by 47% than the sinusoidal PWM The switching losses are reduced by 30% & the output crest voltage is increased by 1.115 times than that of the conventional sine-PWM method. If the inverter is used for the drives then this method gives higher torque and higher efficiency for the motors.

STEPS INVOLVED IN THE SPACE VECTOR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION:

THERE ARE THREE BASICS STEPS INVOLVED: DETERMINATION OF THE TRANFORMED VECTORS. DETERMINATION OF THE DWELLING TIMES OF THE DIFFERENT VECTORS. DETERMINATION OF THE SWITCHING INSTANTS.

A TWO LEVEL INVERTER

+
S1 S3 S5

C N

Vdc C1 3-ph Ac mains

S4

S6

S2

3-Ph IM

Diode rectifier
O

Inverter

Each of the pole voltages can take two values: +Vdc/2 & 0. Number of switching states are 8.

state 3 (- + -)

State 4 (- + +)

State 5 (- - +)

State 6
(+ - +)

SPACE VECTOR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION FOR THREE-LEVEL INVERTER

Space vector hexagon for three-level inverter

DETERMINATION OF THE REGION OF OPERATION

ADVANTAGES OF MULTI LEVEL INVERTERS

As the power rating increases, to reduce the

current rating of the inverter high voltage switching devices have to be used, which are comparatively costlier and cannot be switched at high switching frequency. At higher voltage levels, devices have to be connected in series to meet the voltage rating. This will affect the reliability of the system.

CONCEPT OF HARMONICS:
HARMONICS ARE THE OTHER SINE WAVES INCLUDED IN THE SERIES AS SHOWN AND ARE THE INTEGRAL MULTIPLES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY.
Vh=vf/h;

IMPORTANCE OF HARMONICS ELIMINATION

INCREASE IN IRON LOSSES & COPPER LOSSES THEY CREATE TORQUE RIPPLE & VIBRATIONS LIFE SPAN OF THE MOTOR IS REDUCED DERATING OF MACHINES HARMONIC RESONANCE WITH NEIGHBOURHOOD SYSTEMS.

SIMULATION OF THREE-PHASE TWO LEVEL SVPWM INVERTER

SIMULINK MODEL FOR THREE-PHASE TWO-LEVEL INVERTER

SIMULATION OF SPACE VECTOR PWM THREE-LEVEL INVERTER

SIMULINK MODEL OF THREE-PHASE THREE-LEVEL SVPWM INVERTER

SUB/SYSTEM FOR THE CACULATION OF Va, Vb, Vc

Va = 0.667 *Vin *cos (t) Vb = 0.667 *Vin *cos (t-2/3) Vc = 0.667 *Vin * cos (t-4/3)

SUBSYSTEM FOR 3-PHASE TO 2-PHASE CONVERSION

V = 2/3Va-1/3Vb-1/3Vc V = 1/3 Vb-1/3 Vc

3 SUBSYSTEM FOR DETERMINATION OF SPACE VECTOR VOLTAGE AND ANGLE V*= (V2+ V2) = tan-1(V/ V)

SUBSYSTEM FOR DETERMINATION OF THE SECTOR

SUBSYSTEM FOR CALCULATION OF MODULATION INDEX

m = lV*l/ (2/3Vd) = 3lV*l/2Vd

SUBSYSTEM FOR MODIFICATION OF THETA VALUE For sector 2 -60 For sector 3 -120 For sector 4 -180 For sector 5 -240 For sector 6 -300

SUBSYSTEM FOR CALCULATING THE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Mark1 = ( 3/2) / (3cos () + sin ()) Mark2 = (3/2) / (3cos ()-sin ()): /6 = (3/4) /sin () : /6 < /3 Mark3 = 3/ (3cos () + sin ())
SUBSYSTEM FOR DETERMINATON OF THE TRIANGLE CONDITIONS Triangle 1: m<Mark1 Triangle 2:(Mark1 < m < Mark2) Triangle 3:(Mark2<m<Mark3) &(0<</6) Triangle 4:(Mark2 < m < Mark3) &(/6<</3)

DETERMINATION OF X, Y AND Z VALUES

CONDITIONS: Case 1: X = 2m. [cos () {sin()/3}] Y = m*4*sin ()/3 Z = 1-2*m [cos () + (sin ())/3] Case 2: X = 1- m*4*sin ()/3 Y = 1- 2*m. [cos () - (sin ())/3] Z = -1 + 2*m [cos () + (sin ())/3] Case 3: X = -1 + 2*m [cos () - (sin ())/3] Y = m*4*sin ()/3 Z = 2-2*m [cos () + (sin ())/3] Case 4: X = 2*m [cos () - (sin ())/3] Y = -1+ m*4sin ()/3 Z = 2-2*m [cos () + (sin ())/3]

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
FFT window: 3 of 5 cycles of selected signal 400 200 0 -200 -400

0.01

0.02

0.03 Time (s)

0.04

0.05

0.06

Fundamental (50Hz) = 253 , THD= 1.98% 3 2.5 2

Mag

1.5 1 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 Harmonic order 8 10

CONCLUSION
The application of the SVPWM control strategy on the three-level and two-level inverter was presented
The advantage of multi-level inverters that carry out voltages with less harmonic contents injection than the comparable two-level inverters on the other hand. The switching losses also reduce with the SVPWM technique.

This Project will also proved in the work that the three-level inverter will generate less amount of harmonics than a two-level inverter