Waste Management

HABAGAT

ONDOY

What are Wastes?

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Definition of Wastes
substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law

Disposal means
any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses

Kinds of Wastes
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Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes

especially common as co-disposal of wastes Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash

Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form

Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources

SOLID WASTES
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CUPS

BOTTLES

SOLID WASTES
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PAPERS

CANS

LIQUID WASTES
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OIL

DETERGENTS

Classification of Wastes according to their Properties

Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)

Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,

cans, styrofoam containers and others)

BIODEGRADABLE
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PAPERS

PEELINGS

NON-BIODEGRADABLE
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PLASTICS

STYROFOAM

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CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES ACCORDING TO THEIR EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT Hazardous wastes
Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines

Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically that are shipped, transported to or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit through, any part of the territory of the Philippines

Classification of Wastes
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HAZARDOUS WASTES NON-HAZARDOUS WASTES

Sources of Wastes

Households

Commerce and Industry

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Sources of Wastes
Agriculture

Fisheries

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Waste Generation in the Philippines

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In Metro Manila:

It is estimated that 25 million m3 of acid and alkaline liquid waste is disposed of annually from the electronics industry. Almost 2,000 m3 of solvents and 22,000 tons of heavy metals, infectious wastes, biological sludges, lubricants and intractable wastes are disposed of on land or into water courses. 4,000 tons of solid wastes are generated daily. Of these, only about 3,400 tons are collected and transported to existing sites.

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EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY

Affects our health Affects our socio-economic conditions Affects our coastal and marine environment Affects our climate

EFFECTS OF WASTE
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GHGs (Green House Gases) are accumulating in Earths atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise. Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks might be permanently altered.

EFFECTS OF WASTE
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- Some countries are expected to become warmer, although sulfates might limit warming in some areas. - Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those countries will become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils. - Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably projected for specific areas.

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EFFECTS OF WASTE.
Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere: C02 (Carbon Doxide) is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and wood products, and solid waste.
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CH4 (methane)is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills, the raising of livestock, and the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.
-

N02 (Nitrous Oxide) is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the US emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.
-

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Diseases from Improper Waste Management

DENGUE

DENGUE
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Most common arthropod borne viral Caused by mosquitoes classified as aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus Symptoms include fever, headache, nausea and vomitting, characteristic rash A tourniquet test is one of the basic test performed to distinguish dengue

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Diseases from Improper Waste Management

LEPTOSPIROSIS

LEPTOSPIROSIS
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Is caused by the bacteria Leptospira which came from urine of cats, dogs, but most commonly by rats It is commonly seen in tropical countries Symptoms maybe the same with Flu and Dengue, some other symptoms include; Jaundice, Fever, Chills, Headache, Cough, Vomitting, Abdominal Pain

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Diseases from Improper Waste Management

DIARRHEA

DIARRHEA
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is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day the loss of fluids through diarrhea can cause dehydration and electrolyte disturbances such as potassium deficiency or other salt imbalances. Diarrhea is most commonly due to viral gastroenteritis with rotavirus

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WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Reduce Waste

- Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all draft reports and by making training manuals and personnel information available electronically.
- Improve product design to use less materials. - Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength.

- Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program.

- Switch to reusable transport containers. - Purchase products in bulk.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE

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Reuse
- Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally. - Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper. - Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses. - Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments. - Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase new ones.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE

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Donate/Exchange
- old books - old clothes - old computers - excess building materials - old equipment to local organizations

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE

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Employee Education
- Develop an office recycling procedures packet.
- Send out recycling reminders to all employees including environmental articles. - Train employees on recycling practices prior to implementing recycling programs. - Conduct an ongoing training process as new technologies are introduced and new employees join the institution.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE

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Employee Education

- education campaign on waste management that includes an extensive internal web site, quarterly newsletters, daily bulletins, promotional signs and helpful reference labels within the campus of an institution.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE

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Preventing Waste - packaging waste reductions and changes in the manufacturing process - use biodegradable materials

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WHAT SHOULD BE DONE

Conduct outreach program adopting an ecologically sound waste management system which includes:
waste

reduction segregation at source composting recycling and re-use more efficient collection more environmentally sound disposal

Residents are organized into small groups to carry out the following:
32 1.

construction of backyard compost pit construction of storage bins where recyclable and reusable materials are stored by each household construction of storage centers where recyclable and reusable materials collected by the street sweepers are stored prior to selling to junk dealers maintenance of cleanliness in yards and streets greening of their respective areas encouraging others to join

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: EMS

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What is an EMS?
An EMS is a formal set of policies and procedures that define how an organization will evaluate, manage, and track its environmental impact. It follows the basic model:

Plan > Do > Check > Act

This facilitates cost-effective environmental performance by defining and continuously improving the process and actions that an organization undertakes to meet its environmental goals.

EMS Development
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A Policy Statement that communicates an organizations environmental priorities to employees. Managerial endorsement of the policy statement demonstrates the organizations commitment to the effort and willingness to allocate resources for implementation.

Once a policy statement is in place, the organization implements it following the model.

Stages in the Implementation of EMS

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1.

Plan
Identify all environmental aspects: any environmental or health and safety impacts resulting from activities and services. The organization then evaluates each aspect according to a variety of criteria:

understanding of eco-ethics environmental and health effects economic impacts liabilities

After establishing a complete list of significant aspects, the organization sets environmental goals and develops a plan to achieve those goals.

2. Do
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The do-phase of the model involves implementation of the environmental plan through employee training and establishment of operation controls.

3.

Check
Evaluates progress toward meeting program goals through ongoing monitoring and measuring and periodic EMS audits.

4.

Act
Involves taking corrective action to update and improve the environmental plan. For example, if an organization makes significant progress on one environmental aspect, another environmental aspect will replace it on the priority list.

Why Should an Organization Adopt an EMS?

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1. Improve environmental performance

It helps monitor energy and water conservation, resource efficiencies, and pollution prevention.

2. Better regulatory compliance

Increase regulatory compliance which is especially important for organizations that spend time and resources with regulatory violations.

3. Certification and recognition

EMS implementation can enhance an organizations image and improve public community relations.

EMS Certification
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EPA encourages organizations to use recognized EMS frameworks to improve compliance, pollution prevention, and other measures of environmental performance. Third-party certification can also add credibility to an organizations EMS.

Several organizations which offer certification programs:

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American Chemistry Council American Forest and Paper Association International Chamber of Commerce Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies International Organization for Standardization (ISO) developed the most widely recognized EMS standard

Principles of an Effective EMS

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For better environmental and overall organizational performance, an EMS should:

1. Focus on continual improvement 2. Serve the organization and its mission

3. Receive top management support

4. Remain dynamic and flexible 5. Fit the culture of the organization 6. Represent employees and their actions

7. Establish employees awareness and involvement

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REPUBLIC ACT 9003

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Section 1.
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Short Title - This Act shall be known as the "Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000."

Section 2
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Declaration of Policies - It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall:

a) Ensure the protection of the public health and environment; (b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and encourage resource conservation and recovery; (c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures, including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development principles; (d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practice in ecological waste management excluding incineration;

Section 2
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(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery; (f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management; (g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other local government units, nongovernment organizations, and the private sector; (h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of market-based instruments; (i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and local integrated, comprehensive, and ecological waste management programs; and (j) Strength the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Section 3
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Definition of Terms - For the purposes of this Act:

(a) Agricultural waste shall refer to waste generated from planting or harvesting of crops, trimming or pruning of plants and wastes or run-off materials from farms or fields; (b) Bulky wastes shall refer to waste materials which cannot be appropriately placed in separate containers because of either its bulky size, shape or other physical attributes. These include large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial items such as furniture, lamps, bookcases, filing cabinets, and other similar items; (c) Bureau shall refer to the Environmental Management Bureau; (d) Buy-back center shall refer to a recycling center that purchases of otherwise accepts recyclable materials from the public for the purpose of recycling such materials; (e) Collection shall refer to the act of removing solid waste from the source or from a communal storage point; (f) Composting shall refer to the controlled decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product;

Section 3
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(g) Consumer electronics shall refer to special waste that includes wornout, broken, and other discarded items such as radios, stereos, and TV sets; (h) Controlled dump shall refer to a disposal site at which solid waste is deposited in accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of site operation; (i) Department shall refer to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources; (j) Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any solid waste into or in an land; (k) Disposal site shall refer to a site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited; (l) Ecological solid waste management shall refer to the systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment; (m) Environmentally acceptable shall refer to the quality of being re-usable, biodegradable or compostable, recyclable and not toxic or hazardous to the environment; (n) Generation shall refer to the act or process of producing solid waste;

Section 48
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PROHIBITED ACTS 1) Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places, such as roads, sidewalks, canals, esteros or parks, and establishment, or causing or permitting the same; (2) Undertaking activities or operating, collecting or transporting equipment in violation of sanitation operation and other requirements or permits set forth in established pursuant; (3) The open burning of solid waste; (4) Causing or permitting the collection of non-segregated or unsorted wastes; (5) Squatting in open dumps and landfills; (6) Open dumping, burying of biodegradable or non-biodegradable materials in flood prone areas; (7) Unauthorized removal of recyclable material intended for collection by authorized persons; (8) The mixing of source-separated recyclable material with other solid waste in any vehicle, box, container or receptacle used in solid waste collection or disposal;

Section 48
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(9) Establishment or operation of open dumps as enjoined in this Act, or closure of said dumps in violation of Sec. 37; (10) The manufacture, distribution or use of non-environmentally acceptable packaging materials; (11) Importation of consumer products packaged in non-environmentally acceptable materials; (12) Importation of toxic wastes misrepresented as "recyclable" or "with recyclable content"; (13) Transport and dumplog in bulk of collected domestic, industrial, commercial, and institutional wastes in areas other than centers or facilities prescribe under this Act; (14) Site preparation, construction, expansion or operation of waste management facilities without an Environmental Compliance Certificate required pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1586 and this Act and not conforming with the land use plan of the LGU; (15) The construction of any establishment within two hundred (200) meters from open dumps or controlled dumps, or sanitary landfill; and (16) The construction or operation of landfills or any waste disposal facility on any aquifer, groundwater reservoir, or watershed area and or any portions thereof.

Section 49
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FINES AND PENALTIES

(a) Any person who violates Sec. 48 paragraph (1) shall, upon conviction, be punished with a fine of not less than Three hundred pesos (P300.00) but not more than One thousand pesos (P1,000.00) or render community service for not less than one (1) day to not more than fifteen (15) days to an LGU where such prohibited acts are committed, or both; (b) Any person who violates Sec. 48, pars. (2) and (3), shall, upon conviction be punished with a fine of not less than Three hundred pesos (P300.00) but not more than One thousand pesos (P1,000.00) or imprisonment of not less than one (1) day but to not more than fifteen (15) days, or both; (c) Any person who violates Sec. 48, pars. (4), (5), (6) and (7) shall, upon conviction, be punished with a fine of not less than One thousand pesos (P1,000.00) but not more than Three thousand pesos (P3,000.00) or imprisonment of not less than fifteen (15) day but to not more than six (6) months, or both;

Section 49
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(d) Any person who violates Sec. 48, pars (8), (9), (10) and (11) for the first time shall, upon conviction, pay a fine of Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) plus and amount not less than five percent (5%) but not more than ten percent (10%) of his net annual income during the previous year. (e) Any person who violates Sec. 48, pars. (12) and (13) shall, upon conviction, be punished with a fine not less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) but not more than Two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00) or imprisonment of not less than thirty (30) days but not more than three (3) years, or both; The additional penalty of imprisonment of a minimum period of one (1) year but not to exceed three (3) years at the discretion of the court, shall be imposed for second or subsequent violations of Sec. 48, pars. (9) and (10).

Section 49
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(f) Any person who violates Sec. 48, pars. (14), (15) and (16) shall, upon conviction, be punished with a fine not less than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) but not more than One million pesos (P1,000,000.00), or imprisonment not less than one (1) year but not more than six (6) years, or both. If the offense is committed by a corporation, partnership, or other juridical identity duly recognized in accordance with the law, the chief executive officer, president, general manager, managing partner or such other officer-in-charge shall be liable for the commission of the offense penalized under this Act. If the offender is an alien, he shall, after service of the sentence prescribed above, be deported without further administrative proceedings. The fines herein prescribed shall be increased by at lest ten (10%) percent every three (3) years to compensate for inflation and to maintain the deterrent functions of such fines.

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That ends our presentation. I hope this lecture about ECO-ETHICS will make you aware of what is happening to our environment.

Thank you for listening!