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INTRODUCTION
Earthquake is the worst of all natural disasters. The various techniques be adapted to make the buildings more resistant. Due to shaking of the ground , base of the building will experience motion & tendency of roof is to stay in its original position due to inertia force. Due to wall and column connection, the force will drag the roof along with them. So its tendency is to attack from the base and at beam column joint and protrude through structure.
Column Failure
Design Phenomenon
Stiff masonry walls are avoided and bare frames are considered in design calculations. Steel sections will be raised as vertical reinforcement and hollow blocks as partitions hence the inverted pendulum effect is not 4 captured
Shear Wall
vertical plate-like RC walls called Shear Walls. Their thickness varies from 150mm to 400mm.
Shear walls are like vertically-oriented wide beams that carry earthquake loads downwards to the foundation.
It provide around the elevator core or stair well is known as shear core.
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Edges of shear walls experience high compressive and tensile stresses due to overturning effect.
To ensure that shear walls behave in a ductile way, concrete in the wall end regions must be reinforced in a special manner to sustain these load reversals without loosing strength
End regions of a wall with increased confinement are called boundary elements which have high bending strength.
Design Phenomenon:
this effect must be addressed in structural design
the reinforcement must extend beyond the short column into the columns vertically above. the width has to be increased in stone or brick masonry.
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Design Strategy
In design practice large column size, having large closed loops are placed inside.
The anchoring of the bars at the ends and Micro concreting in the congested junction.
Hidden Beams
They are concealed beams having
their depth equal to that of the slab The load carrying capacity increase to 135% with an economical increase of just 0.4 0.5%. These beams are designed for negative bending moment
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Plastic Hinge
As moment increases, the linear stress distribution form persists The extreme fiber stress reaches the yield stress value. Further increase in the bending moment cannot produce any increased fiber-stress and Finally fibers reach the yield stress the section will yield and the complete yielding is termed as plastic hinge. The section now carries the maximum bending moment without strain hardening taking place.
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The lateral thrust will be more in domes and shells. We will be having a thin walled cylindrical tube of diameter about 10 to 15 cm and steel rods
Then stressing will be done as per design and then the micro concrete is injected in pressure into the tube.
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Rubber Bearings
Rubber bearing are made from layers of rubber, a thick steel plate between the thin steel plates .
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Viscous Dampers
It is shock absorbers.
Friction Dampers
They are designed to have moving parts which slide over each other. The damper is made up from a set of steel plates. At forces,the plates can slide creating friction causing energy dissipation. The plates are specially treated to increase the friction between them.
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Cross Bracings
It is common vertical load distribution. But we can also adopt this technique to foundation It will distribute the load to joints and through foundation finally.
Friction Pendulum:
In large multistory buildings, we can always expect some appreciable movement in it base due to the vibration
. to resist completely we can allow the structure to deform at its foundation level by provision of friction pendulum
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CONCLUSION
Constraint is that, human has to satisfy his unlimited wants through limited resources. As a part of the civil engineering world, we all have a role to play in developing newer and more effective techniques to increase the seismic resistance of buildings to make them invulnerable to an appreciable intensity of earthquakes
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Reference
MCEER Information Service
IS 1893 2002 CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE DEGIN OF STRUCTURES
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THANK U
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