STUDY OF SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT AND PROTECTION

ABSTRACT: The economics of generation of electrical energy and the huge demands of power in the modern times require creation bigger power plant . These may be hydro , thermal , atomic etc . The transmission network is inevitable . large and high voltage transmission lines are necessary to transmit huge blocks of power from the source of generation to load centers . In b/w the power plant and ultimate consumer a number of transmission and switching stations have to be created . This is done by SUBSTATION

Major equipments of Substation

Power Transformers Bus Bars Circuit breakers Isolators Relays Control Panels Instrument Transformers DC System

Power Transformers

BUS BARS
The choice of the bus bars scheme for a substation depends upon the degree of reliability and economic justification. The degree of reliability is evaluated by determining the continuity of service and possible faults. TYPES OF BUS BARS ARRANGEMENTS:

SINGLE BUSBAR ARRANGEMENT SSSSSSSSI

This system is used for 132 KV substations. It is cheapest among all the others bus bars. It is totally shut down in case of a fault.

DOUBLE BUS BARS:

This system is costlier then a single bus bars system. One bus can serve as reserve, which is used during maintenance or fault. It is used for 220 KV sub stations.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Circuit breaker is automatic switching device which can carrying normal current and switching in & out normal loads Interrupt short circuiting currents Able to performer auto reclose duty. Classification of Circuit breaker: Based on VOLTAGE Low-less than 1kv Medium-1kv to 52kv High/Extra High-66kv to 765kv Ultra High-above 765kv

Based on LOCATION Indoor Outdoor Based on INTERRUPTING MEDIUM Air breakAir break Circuit breaker(ACB) Air blastAir blast Circuit breaker..(ABCB) Bulk oil.. Bulk oil Circuit breaker.(BOCB) Minimum oil..Minimum oil Circuit breaker.(MOCB) SF6 gas insulated.SF6 Circuit breaker Vacuum Vacuum Circuit breaker(VCB) Selection of a CB depends on: Type of application Rated voltage, current Its breaking capacity(fault level of the installation) Auto-reclose duty cycle

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

Opening operation: Opening is affected by pulling the insulating rod (201), piston rod (111), puffer cylinder (110) moving contact, moving arc contact (107) and the nozzle (105).After contacts wipe the stationary and moving and contact (104), (107) separate, there by generating arc. During down ward movement the gas in puffer chamber builds up and high pressure gas flows through nozzle and quenches the arc. Closing Operation: In closing operation, insulating rod (201) is pulled up and the parts move in the reverse direction of opening operation. And also SF6 gas taken in to puffer chamber.

ADVANTAGES OF SF6 CB
Mostly widely used in EHV application Low operating noise Simple construction & compact size Easy installation, inspection & maintenance. SF6 is identified as a green house gas.

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

What are Relays?

Relays are electrical switches that open or close another circuit under certain conditions.

Relay Purpose

Isolate controlling circuit from controlled circuit. Control high voltage system with low voltage. Control high current system with low current. Logic Functions

How a Relay Works

How a Relay Works

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS: Current transformer Potential transformer

Current transformer: Current transformer are used for supplying the current circuits of indicating instruments (ammeters, watt meters etc) recording meters (energy meters etc) and protective relays.

CT is ideally a short circuited transformer where the secondary terminal voltage is zero, and the magnetizing current is negligible. Ip*Np =Is*Ns Ratio error Phase angle error Composite error

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER: These instrument are used for supplying the voltage circuit of indicating instruments, meters, and protective relay. All voltage transformer are designed for a standard secondary voltage of 110v, 110/1.732 (63.5) For voltage transformers at the following is valid: Ep/Es=Np/Ns Actual voltage ratio =Primary volts/secondary volts Voltage transformer errors: A) voltage ratio error B) Phase angle error. The errors at which the VTs operate depend on its burden and primary voltage

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