By, D.N.ADITHYA R15021006 M.

Tech- PLE( II sem)

 Pipeline

spanning can occur when the contact between the pipeline and seabed is lost over an appreciable distance on a rough seabed Development of free spanning is one of the major challenges that face the design and safe operation of undersea pipelines

 An

evaluation of an allowable free-span length is required in pipeline design. Free span can result in failure of pipelines due to excessive yielding and fatigue

Free spanning is usually caused by a combination of seabed movement, wave action, and current effects. When a fluid flows across a pipeline, the flow separates, vortices are shed, and a periodic wake is formed. Each time a vortex is shed it alters the local pressure distribution, and the pipeline experiences a time-varying force at the frequency of vortex shedding

 Under

resonant conditions, sustained oscillations can be excited and the pipeline will oscillate at a frequency. This oscillation will fatigue the pipeline and can eventually lead to catastrophic failure.

In-Line Oscillations: o These oscillations are excited at flow velocities lower than the critical velocities for crossflow motion To prevent this in-line response at either mode of vortex shedding excitation, it is suggested that the stability parameter (Ks) be larger than 1.8

 Cross-Flow

Oscillations: o Excitation in the cross-flow direction is potentially more dangerous than that in inline since amplitudes of response are much greater than those associated with in-line motion o oscillations occur at much larger velocities than in-line oscillations o The limiting value Ks < 16

 Galloping

Oscillations: o Galloping is a form of oscillation that occurs for certain structural shapes and flow directions. o It is not found in cylinders and other circular shaped bodies. o So it is not a concern in pipeline design.

 Dynamic

Stresses o The presence of bottom currents can cause significant dynamic stresses, if fluid structure interaction (vortex shedding) in these free-span areas causes the pipeline to oscillate. o These oscillations can result in fatigue of the pipeline welds

 The

frequency of vortex shedding is a function of the pipe diameter, current velocity. Pipeline failure due to vortex excited motions can be prevented if the vortexshedding frequency is sufficiently far from the natural frequency of the pipe span such that dynamic oscillations of the pipe are minimized

 Vortex-Shedding

Frequency: o Frequency is the frequency at which pairs of vortices are shed from the pipeline fs =SUc/D where fs = vortex-shedding frequency S = Strouhal Number Uc = design current velocity
(Strouhal Number is the dimensionless frequency of the vortex shedding and is a function of the Reynolds Number)

 Pipeline

Natural Frequency: o The natural frequency of the pipeline span depends on pipe stiffness, end conditions of the pipe span, length of the span, and effective mass of the pipe

where fn =pipe span natural frequency Ls= span length Me = effective mass Ce = end condition constant

 Reduced

Velocity: o The reduced velocity, Ur , is the velocity at which vortex shedding induced oscillations may occur.

 Stability

Parameter: o A significance for defining vortex-induced motion is the stability parameter, Ks , defined as

where

is logarithmic decrement of structural damping (= 0.125)

 Critical

Span Length: o The critical span length or the unsupported pipeline length at which oscillations of the pipeline occur for a specific current is based on the relationship between the natural frequency of the pipe free span and the reduced velocity

 The

critical span length for crossflow motion is expressed as:

 General

Considerations o No location along the pipeline route does the unsupported pipeline span length exceed the critical span length o The selection of the allowable span length is an important risk assessment type solution

 Current

Velocity Selection o The calculated reduced velocity, stability parameter, Reynolds Number, and critical span length should all be based on a current velocity that is perpendicular to the pipeline.

 End

Condition Selection: o Pinned-Pinned: Used for spans where each end is allowed to rotate about the pipe axis.
o

Pinned-Fixed: Used for the majority of spans, any span that does not fit the other two categories

 Fixed-Fixed:

Should be used only for those spans that are fixed in place by some sort of anchor at both ends of the span o The end condition selected can influence the calculated critical span length by as much as 50 percent,

 Design

Parameters o Conservative design should be based on the avoidance of in-line motion for the design bottom current o The allowable pipeline span length should always be designed such that cross-flow motion will never occur

 Trenching

The sea bed:

 Rock

dumping:

 The

free span which is a night mare for design engineers was studied and the main cause of failure of pipeline in free span region was found to by Vibrations induced in pipeline due to formation of vortices. The various methods for preventing Free span were also studied.