ECHO CANCELLATION

ECHO
Echo is the display or return of sent data at or to the sending end of a transmission local echo: sending device itself displays the sent data remote echo:receiving device returns the sent data that it receives to the sender

Why?
Long-distance telephone transmission often suffers from impedance mismatches(primarily at the hybrid circuit interfaces) Balancing electric networks within the hybrid can never perfectly match the hybrid to the subscriber loop due o temperature variations o degradation of the transmission line As a result, a small portion of the received signal is leaked for transmission.

types
Two sources of echo have primary relevance in telephony; Acoustic echo:Acoustic echo arises when sound from a loudspeakerfor example, the earpiece of a telephone handsetis picked up by the microphone in the same room Hybrid echo :Hybrid echo is generated by the (PSTN) through the reflection of electrical energy by a device called a hybrid (hence the term hybrid echo)

 The term echo cancellation is used in telephony to describe the process of removing echo from a voice communication in order to improve voice quality on a telephone call Echo cancellation involves first recognizing the originally transmitted signal that re-appears, with some delay, in the transmitted or received signal. Once the echo is recognized, it can be removed by 'subtracting' it from the transmitted or received signal. This technique is generally implemented using a (DSP), but can also be implemented in software. Echo cancellation is done using either echo suppresers or echo cancellers, or in some cases both.

In the earlier days of telecommunications, echo suppression was used to reduce the objectionable nature of echos to human users. In essence these devices rely upon the fact that most telephone conversations are half-duplex. That is one person speaks while the other listens. An echo suppressor attempts to determine which is the primary direction and allows that channel to go forward. In the reverse channel, it places attenuation to block or "suppress" any signal on the assumption that the signal is echo. Echo cancellers are the replacement for earlier echo suppressor that were initially developed in the 1950s to control echo caused by the long delay on satellite telecommunications circuits The concept of an echo canceller is to synthesize an estimate of the echo from the talker's signal, and subtract that synthesis from the return path instead of switching attenuation into/out of the path

TELEPHONE SYSTEM

 When the telephone call is made over a long distance (more than 1,000 miles, such as with geostationary satellites), the echo can be delayed by as much as 540 ms. The echo impairment can be annoying to the customer and increases with the distance

How to Suppress?
Use of filters-Adaptive Filters

Adaptive digital filters are self learning filters Adaptive digital filter (FIR or IIR) will therefore adapt to its environment. The environment will be defined by the input signals x(k) and d(k) to the adaptive digital filter.

Least-Mean-Square (LMS) Algorithm

The LMS Algorithm consists of two basic processes
Filtering process
Calculate the output of FIR filter by convolving input and taps Calculate estimation error by comparing the output to desired signal

Adaptation process
Adjust tap weights based on the estimation error

351M Digital Signal Processing

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Method

Implementation

Calculations
From B to A Incoming signal : x B(n) (from speaker B) Outgoing signal: dA(n) = xA(n)+xB(n) Where Echo of speaker B = xB(n) Adaptive filter output:

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