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Poco Foam
A new graphite foam is used for the inner fins
aluminum (180 W/m*K) Open Porous Thermal Diffusivity 3 times faster than copper
Evaporator Specifications
Evaporators: Warm Seawater Flow Warm Seawater Inlet Temperature Warm Seawater Outlet Temperature Warm Seawater Pressure Drop (Desired) Ammonia Boiling Temperature Ammonia Pressure Drop Heat Exchanged from Warm Seawater to Ammonia Heat Exchanger Life (prior to major overhaul) 115 25.7 22.9 27 20 15 1280 10+ m3/sec Deg C Deg C kPa Deg C kPa MW thermal years
modified accordingly in order to have the optimal choice for each attribute.
Tests were conducted to optimize: Fin geometry Height and length of channels Fin configuration Effectiveness of holes in fins
tested in the same environment. The geometries that were tested were:
Rectangular Fins
Diamond Fins
Diamond Fins (different sizes and a couple angled) Diamond Fins (different angles)
Rectangular Fins
Rectangular fins showed that they do increase heat transfer. This is highest in the wake region of the fin, in areas of low pressure
This is used to illustrate the way the fins create high velocity flow regions, while having very low velocity regions.
Diamond Fins
High temperature in region directly behind fin. Eliminated low temperature regions by reducing the wake region
This illustrates that there are no low velocity regions when utilizing the diamond fins. The velocity actually doubles where the fins create a channel which has one half the distance of the inlet.
This shows that angled fins create more turbulence. Increases the temperature of the flow which is coming off these fins
Note fin configurations can increase velocity at specific spots to increase heat transfer. This idea will be utilized in final design.
Test 3 has various angled fins and sizes to compare flow patterns and velocity gradients around these areas.
This fin design shows that having angled fins increases turbulence and forces a channel of fluid through. This channel has a higher temperature than the flow that went through the center of the fins.
Highest velocity occurs in areas with straight fins. Angled fins create low pressure, low velocity wake regions. More turbulence = More heat transfer
Fin Geometry
It can be concluded that fins which induce turbulent
Height Optimization
Evaporator
Height Tests
Height Test
15.6 15.4 Outlet Temp (Celsius) 15.2 15 14.8 14.6 14.4 14.2 14 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Height (in) 400 300 Outlet Temperature 200 pressure 600 500
100
0
0.40 in
0.0 in
This is a front view of a single rectangular fin sitting on a heater plate. It shows the majority of the heat being conducted (24.3-16 deg) in the first 0.4 inches From 0.4 to 0.75 inches, the temperature changes from (16 -10 deg). Eliminating this excess fin length will increase the amount of heat transferred to the ammonia.
optimal. Under 0.4 inches is the maximum area used for heat conduction. Fins this height will ensure that the fluid contacts the hottest area of foam at all times.
Results
Altered Geometry Tests
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Quality of Vapor .5in x .5in
seems to be the best for heat transfer. This is also due to the amount of fluid which can contact the heater plate. Using parabolic or pathway holes did not seem to increase heat transfer enough to be feasible.
change. 300in x 1 in channels were tested, with varying width. The extra long length ensures a phase change even without using fins.
No Fin
Results
.25inx.5in
.5inx.5in .75inx.5in
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Quality of Vapor
This model proved to be successful. It consisted of diamonds coming from the top and bottom to enhance heat transfer while keeping pressure drop low. Mixing proved successful while reducing the overall length of the exchanger by over 60%.
Quality= .74
Unit Cell
This style of staggered diamond fins on the top and
bottom is the most efficient. Can facilitate necessary heat transfer in only 9 feet. Pressure drop of only 4500 Pa The unit cell of the heat exchanger comprises this design
the width extended to 12 inches.
12 inch x 0.5 inch Inlet = 6 in^2 = 0.00387 m^2 108 inches long
Inlet Velocity: 0.55 m/s Mass Flow Rate per Unit Cell:
M.dot = (density)(Inlet Area)(Inlet Velocity) (610 kg/m^3)(0.00387 m^2)(0.55 m/s) = 1.298 kg/s per Unit Cell!
complete heat exchanger and condenser system Assuming aluminum plates of 0.25 inch thickness inbetween layers.
vapor.
Vapor is easier to pump and can mix more without
Vapor Region
Tests were conducted in the vapor region to reduce
Separated Rectangles
Separated Diamonds
Attempt #1
~1500Pa
X=.554
Incorporated rectangular fins in liquid region and diamond fins in vapor region. Did not meet requirements, most likely due to large height. Smaller channel was implemented.
Attempt #2
Smaller channel was implemented thus requiring smaller pressure drop fins. Parabolic fins were implemented in liquid region, followed by longer diamonds (4in). Unable to mesh. Worst quality was 7.56x10^-5
Perforations
It was seen in the previous slide that a hole going
Perforations
.5in x .5in (5x36) ~600 Pa
16.91 C
Vertical Holes
Radius=.125in
16.89C
Increased pressured drop and decreased outlet temperature compared to no hole model.
16.65 C
Crossed Grid
1st Cross: r=.125 z=.3 =1 per 2 =45
~800Pa
16.17 C
Hole Conclusion
Horizontal Holes along y-axis proved to be the best during liquid
region.
Longitudinal holes within fins increases manufacturing costs,
Evaporator Conclusions
Diamonds proved to be best in vapor region for
pressure drop. Using this style of fins in the vapor region could enhance heat transfer while the vapor is increasing quality. Utilizing holes will also increase the heat transfer further as well, but is hard to implement
Condenser Specifications
Condensers: Deep Cold Seawater Flow Deep Cold Seawater Inlet Temperature Deep Cold Seawater Outlet Temperature Deep Cold Seawater Pressure Drop (Desired) Ammonia Condensing Temperature Ammonia Pressure Drop Heat Exchanged from Ammonia to Deep Cold Seawater Heat Exchanger Life (prior to major overhaul) 80 4.1 7.9 13.5 10 <2 1240 10+ m3/sec Deg C Deg C kPa Deg C kPa MW thermal years
Condenser
Information from the evaporator tests were used to
Condenser Model
Condenser
This model is currently running and will hopefully be
not experiencing phase change although the temperature drops below saturation temperature.