Suprarenal Glands

Divided into two parts; each with separate functions Suprarenal Cortex Suprarenal Medulla

The Adrenal Cortex

Figure 25.9a

C. The Adrenal Glands

Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Three specific zones and each produces a specific class of steroid hormone Zona glomerulosa mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) Zona fasciculata glucocorticoids ( Cortisole ) Zona reticularis - androgens

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)
Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex Promote normal cell metabolism Help resist long-term stressors Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 9.29a

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Sex hormones
Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 9.29b

Functions of mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone exerts the 90% of the mineralocorticoid activity. Cortisol also have mineralocorticoid activity, but only 1/400th that of aldosterone Aldosterone increases renal tubular (principal cells) reabsorption of sodium & secretion of potassium Excess aldosterone ECF volume & arterial pressure, but has only a small effect on plasma sodium concentration

Functions of mineralocorticoids
Excess aldosterone causes hypokalemia & muscle weakness, & too little aldosterone causes hyperkalemia & cardiac toxicity Excess aldosterone increases tubular (intercalated cells) hydrogen ion secretion, with resultant mild alkalosis Aldosterone stimulates sodium & potassium transport in sweat glands, salivary glands, & intestinal epithelial cells

Functions of glucocorticoids
Effect of cortisol on protein metabolism Reduction of protein storage in all cells except those of liver protein catabolism & protein synthesis Cortisol increases liver & plasma proteins Mobilizes aminoacids from non hepatic cells, thus increase blood amino acid level. amino acid transport to liver cells & transport of amino acids into other cells

Figure 21.15

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Figure 9.10
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 9.28b

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis
Principal factor controlling Ang II levels is renin release. Decreased circulating volume stimulates renin release via:
Decreased BP (symp effects on JGA). Decreased [NaCl] at macula densa (NaCl sensor) Decreased renal perfusion pressure (renal baroreceptor)

REGULATION OF CORTISOL SECRETION

STRESS + HYPOTHALAMUS CRH

DIURNAL RHYTHM

ANTERIOR PITUITARY INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE BLOOD AA BLOOD FATTY ACIDS ACTH

ADRENAL CORTEX CORTISOL TARGET ORGANS

Pathway of RAAS

Figure 6.12b

 Atrial natriuretic peptide

Decreased blood pressure stimulates renin secretion

 Renin-Angiotensin System:
renal blood flow &/or Na + ++ Juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidneys (considered volume receptors) Renin Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I
(Lungs) Converting enzymes

Angiotensin III
(powerful vasoconstrictor)

Angiotensin II
(powerful vasoconstrictor) Adrenal cortex

Aldosterone N.B. Aldosterone is the main regulator of Na+ retention.

Corticosterone

Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone System

Na+ Reabsorption
Angiotensisn II can raise blood pressure by: vasoconstrictor effects. stimulating aldosterone secretion.

Insert fig. 17.26

Blood Osmolarity ADH

pituitary increased water reabsorption

Ooooooh! Zymogen!

increase thirst

high blood osmolarity blood pressure

adrenal gland
increased water & salt reabsorption

nephron
JuxtaGlomerular Apparatus (JGA)

low
nephron

aldosterone angiotensin

renin angiotensinogen

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

Produces two similar hormones (catecholamines)
Epinephrine Norepinephrine

These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slide 9.30

Effects of Epinephrine
Gets you ready to fight or run Heightens your senses, tenses your muscles, openings breathing passages, etc. In response to stress Take less than 30 seconds to kick in and last several minutes

C. Disorders of the Adrenal Gland 1. Hypoaldosteronism loss of water/Na+ Addisons disease low aldosterone & cortisol 2. Hyperaldosteronism 3. Cushings syndrome hypersecretion of cortisol,androgens,aldosterone

15.4 Adrenal glands

Adrenal glands can malfunction

Cushing syndrome hypersecretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex characterized by weight gain in the trunk of the body but not arms and legs

Cushings Disease
Proximal muscle wasting & weakness Osteoporosis Glucose intolerance HTN, hypokalemia Thromboembolism Depression, Psyc Infection Glaucoma

15.4 Adrenal glands

Adrenal glands can malfunction

Addisons disease hyposecretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex characterized by bronzing of the skin