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By: Srishti Kochar Roll no: 50 Year: IV/II

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Introduction

Nutrition is an essential and continuing component in the complex process of maintaining optimal health throughout life.

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Diet
Definition

:-

It is defined as the types and amount of

food eaten daily by an individual (FDI, 1994)

It It

refers to local action of foods on oral tissues. is comprised of the food, its consistency and the pattern and frequency of eating.
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Nutrition
Definition

:-

It is defined as the sum of the processes

by which an individual takes in and utilizes food.(FDI, 1994)

It

deals with those parts or elements of food that are absorbed through intestinal tract and enters into metabolic process of the body in the formation and replacement of tissue.
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Malnutrition
Definition

:-

A pathological state resulting from a

relative or absolute deficiency or excess of one or more essential nutrients.

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Classification of Foods

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Nutrients

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Proteins

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Major function

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Obtained from

ICMR recommended 1 gram protein/kg body weight for an 10/22/12 indian adults.

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Major functions

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Obtained from

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates reserved 500 gms

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Major functions

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Vitamins
They

are not synthesized in human

body.
Part

of enzyme system.

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Vitamin A

Daily intake:600 micrograms.

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Functions

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sh

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Vitamin D

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Functions

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Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Naturally

occurring fat soluble compounds.

Vegetable oils Egg yolk Butter

Sources:-

Daily

requirement:- 0.8 miligrams/ essential fatty acids. 10/22/12

Vitamin K
Fat

soluble occurs in two forms:-

K1 ( Source:- fresh green leafy vegetables,

cows milk )
K2 ( Source:- synthesized by intestinal

bacteria. It is stored in liver)

Role:-

Stimulate production or release coagulation factors. Requirements:- 0.03 mg/kg for

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Daily

The B-complex vitamins

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Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

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Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

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Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)

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Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Widely

distributed in foods, milk, liver, meat, egg yolk, fish, legumes and vegetables. Requirement is 2 mg is rare.
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Daily

Deficiency

Pantothenic acid
All

food contributes to its dietary intake requirement is 10 mg

Daily

Plays

a role in biosynthesis of corticosteroid.

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Folate (folacin / folic acid)

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Vitamin B12

Complex organo-metallic compound with a cobalt atom. Therapeutic preparation- cynocobalamine.

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Vitamin C
Water

soluble

Maintain

the cementing material that holds the body cells together. formation of hemoglobin and aids in absorption of iron from intestinal wall. body does not store vitamin C
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Influences

Human

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Minerals
Classification

of minerals

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Calcium
Functions

Formation of bones Coagulation of blood Contraction of muscles Milk production Keeping the cell membrane intact Metabolism of enzymes & hormones
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Phosphorous
Widely

distributed in foodstuffs for the formation of bones &

Essential

teeth.
Daily

intake at least equal to calcium

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Iron
Required

for:-

Formation of hemoglobin Brain development & function. Regulation of body temperature. Muscle activity

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Deficiency :Iron deficiency anemia Impaired cell-mediated immunity Reduced resistance to infection Increased morbidity and mortality Diminished work performance

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Iodine

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Balanced Diet
It

contains variety of foods in such a quantities and proportions that the need for energy, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, fats, carbohydrate and other nutrients is adequately met for maintaining health, vitality and general well being and also small provision for extra nutrients to withstand short duration of leanness.
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Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Dietary

should be 20-30% of total daily

intake.
Saturated Refined Fats

fat not more than 10% of total energy intake. carbohydrate avoided and alcohol consumption restricted 15-20% of daily intake ketchups, etc. reduced 10/22/12

Protein Colas,

Effects of nutrition on Oral Tissues

Nutrition

and dental caries:-

Pre- eruptive effects Post- eruptive effects

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Pre-eruptive effects: Enamel

maturation, physical and chemical composition, time of eruption, tooth morphology and size are all affected. dysplasias associated with malnutrition are: Odontoclasia in deciduous dentition. yellow teeth condition seen in

Dental

permanent teeth.
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Post-eruptive effects: Decreased Reduce Due

salivary lysozyme and secretory IgA levels. the host defence mechanism to cariogenic organisms. to above all factors there is increasing caries susceptibility.

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Nutrition and Malocclusion

Teeth

size and jaw size is determined genetically during the early developmental process. jaw size determination takes longer, a chronic malnutrition would result in a stunted jaw growth. in: Class I malocclusions Poor teeth alignment
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But

Results

Nutrition and Periodontal Disease

The

main targets in nutritional deficiency are the epithelial barrier and attachment, periodontal ligament, gingival connective tissue, alveolar bone, cellular and humoral immune mechanisms, inflammatory response.

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Various element deficiencies

Iron:-

Impaired neutrophils bacterial activity,

reduced lymphocyte proliferation and response to antigens, thus increasing risk and severity of infrction.
Reduced thickness of oral epithelium,

reduced size of progenitor cells and delayed maturation of the epithelial barrier.
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 Protein:-

Increased susceptibility to periodontal

infection.
Vitamin

C:-

Gingivitis with hemorrhagic, enlarged

bluish-red gingivae classic sign of scurvy. teeth to exfoliate.

Severe deficiency of ascorbic acid causes

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 Vitamin

A:-

Decreased salivary flow, hyperkeratosis

ans gingival hyperplasia.

Vitamin

B complex:-

Niacin deficiency predisposes gingivae to

Vincents infection or ANUG.

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 Vitamin

K:-

Gingival bleeding and post-extraction

bleeding.
Deficiency

of Vitamin E causes no major

affect.
Calcium

and phosphorous:-

loss following Severe alveolar bone 10/22/12

 Amino

Acids:-

Linoleic acid deficiency causes dermatitis

and impaired wound healing.

Arginine deficiency cellular immune

mechanisms is compromised. neurological changes.

Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency causes

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Nutrition and Oral Cancer

Important Foods

role in the etiology of oral and pharyngeal cancers. contains both initiators and modifiers of carcinogenesis. factors protect against tumors by: Acting as blocking agents Altering metabolism of carcinogen Increased detoxification
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Nutritional

 Vitamin

A and retinoids:-

Inhibits chemically induced tumors Lowers the risks of cancer Minimizes the risk of oral and pharyngeal

cancer

Preventing carcinogenesis Retards the growth of tumors. Treatment of Leukoplakia

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carotene
scavenger.

Acts as an antioxidant and free radical Better than retinoids Micronuclei formation in buccal cells is

reversed.

Treatment of Leukoplakia

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 Vitamin

C:-

Antioxidant Inhibits the formation of carcinogenic cells Enhancer of immune responses Detoxification of carcinogens
Vitamin

E:10/22/12

Antioxidant

 Vitamin

B complex:-

Lesions in oral cavity display signs of

deficiency of vitamin B.

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Nutrition in the Elderly

Inability

to chew food due to poorly functioning dentition. is diminished and appreciation of flavorful tastes is lacking. and dental infirmities leads to poor nutritional status. diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and cancer OSTEOPOROSIS 10/22/12

Appetite Medical E.g.

ALVEOLAR

Preventive and Social Measures

Action

at the family level:-

Nutritional education about correct

selection of foodstuffs and balanced diet.

Promotion of breast feeding Promotion of kitchen garden or keeping

poultry.

Correction of harmful food taboos

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 Action

at the community level:-

Analysis of extent, distribution and types

of nutritional deficiencies; population groups at risk; dietary and non-dietary factors.

Conduct of diet and nutrition surveys Planning realistic and feasible approaches. Feeding programs, midday school meals
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 Action

at the national level:-

By rural development Increasing agricultural production Stabilization of population Nutritional intervention programs ( iodized

salt, iron and folic acids tablets for anaemia, vitamin A blindness)

Nutrition related health activities.

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 Action

at international level:-

FAO, UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UNDP and

CARE are some health agencies helping national governments.

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Conclusion
Nutrition

is a vital to human development, growth and health maintenance.

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References
Textbook

of Preventive and Community

Dentistry
By :- Soben Peter

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