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STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING

What are Structural Equation Models?

Systems of linear equations that describe a network of relations among variables.


Structural,

not simply predictive relations

Implied systems of nonlinear equations that describe patterns of variances and covariances among variables. Output of software systems such as LISREL, EQS, AMOS, and MPlus.

Comparison with Multiple Regression

Multiple Regression
X1

Causal Modeling
X1

X2
X3 X4 X5 Q: How well do predictors predict (explain variances) in Y? What are independent effects when effects of other variables are controlled? Y X2

X3

X4
Y X5

Q: How well do predictors relate with regard to ultimate prediction of Y?

Why are SEM methods useful?

Hoyles (1994) review tells us that SEM can address


Questions

about causal process Questions about causal process when variables are not well measured

SEM methods share most of the strengths of multiple regression

Example of a Structural Model


X3 = aX1 + bX2 + U1 X4 = cX1 + dX2 + eX3 + U2

Steps of Structural Equation Modeling


STEP 1: SPECIFICATION Statement of the theoretical model either as a set of equations or as a diagram. STEP 2: IDENTIFICATION The model can in theory and in practice be estimated with observed data

Steps of Structural Equation Modeling

STEP 3: ESTIMATION The model's parameters are statistically estimated from data. Multiple regression is one such estimation method, but typically more complicated estimated methods are used. STEP 4: MODEL FIT The estimated model parameters are used to predict the correlations or covariances between measured variables and the predicted correlations or covariances are compared to the observed correlations or covariances

Measuring Model Fit

Fit refers to the ability of a model to reproduce the data. It should be noted that a good-fitting model is not necessarily a valid model. There are now literally hundreds of measures of fit. Bollen and Long (Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993) explains these indexes and others.

Measuring Model Fit


Chi Square: 2 For models with about 75 to 200 cases, this is a reasonable measure of fit. But for models with more cases, the chi square is almost always statistically significant. Chi square is also affected by the size of the correlations in the model: the larger the correlations, the poorer the fit. For these reasons alternative measures of fit have been developed.

Measuring Model Fit


Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) Good models have an RMSEA of .05 or less. Models whose RMSEA is .10 or more have poor fit. Goodness of Fit Index Nilai rentangan antara 0 (poor fit) 1 (perfect fit) etc

Penggunaan: Behavioral Information System


Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Davis, 1989 Theory of Planned Behavior , Ajzen 1991 Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Venkatesh, et al , 2003

Technology Acceptance Model

Reaksi dan persepsi pengguna Teknologi Informasi (TI) akan mempengaruhi sikapnya dalam penerimaan terhadap teknologi tersebut. Salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhinya adalah persepsi pengguna terhadap kemanfaatan dan kemudahan penggunaan TI sebagai suatu tindakan yang beralasan dalam konteks pengguna teknologi, sehingga alasan seseorang dalam melihat manfaat dan kemudahan penggunaan TI menjadikan tindakan atau perilaku orang tersebut sebagai tolok ukur dalam penerimaan sebuah teknologi.

An example of a structural equation model:


Perceived Usefulnes s (PU)

Eksternal Variable

Attitude Toward using (A) Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU)

Behavioral Intention (BI)

Actual Use

Perceived of Usefulness

Saya akan belajar menggunakan media pengajaran kelas maya (virtual class) Belajar menggunakan kelas maya tidak mudah bagi saya Tidak mudah bagi saya menjadi terampil dalam memanfaatkan kelas maya sebagai media pengajaran Interaksi yang saya gunakan pada kelas maya dapat dengan mudah dimengerti

PM1 PM2 0.52 0.61 PM3 PM4 ST1 0.86 0.16 PG2 0.47 pguna -0.09 0.96 0.33 PG3 minat 0.43 0.61 0.43 1.53 -1.04 0.45 PG4 psungguh MT3 0.60 0.59 ST5 MT1 MT2 0.55

0.63
PG1 pmudah 0.48

0.43
0.46 0.39 sikap 0.57 0.63 0.44 ST4 ST3 ST2

0.58
0.61

MT4 PTS1
PTS2 PTS3

0.62
Chi-Square=129.33, df=158, P-value=0.95392, RMSA=0.000

Persepsi Penggunaan

Sikap menggunakan Teknologi

Minat terhadap Teknologi

Penggunaan teknologi Sesungguhnya

Persepsi Kemudahan Penggunaan


Persepsi Penggunaan Gender Sikap menggunakan Teknologi Persepsi Kemudahan Penggunaan Minat terhadap Teknologi Penggunaan teknologi Sesungguhnya

Pengalaman

Major problems with SEM are that

Models are often (usually?) misspecified:


Linearity

assumption is often made uncritically Measurement error distorts analysis Important variables may be missing

Communicating results is challenging

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