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Chapter 6
Instructional Objectives
Introduce different types of heat exchange
equipment and their working principles.
Carry out performance calculations for
simple heat exchangers.
Carry out design calculations for simple
heat exchangers.
1. INTRODUCTION
A heat exchanger is a device that
facilitates exchange of heat between two
fluids that are at different temperatures
and separated by a solid wall.
Specific applications: space heating and
air conditioning, power production, waste
heat recovery, food and chemical
processing, oil refining, and in vehicles.
2. Types of Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers are classified according
to flow arrangement and type of
construction.
2.1. Concentric Tube Heat
Exchanger
Also called double-pipe heat exchanger or
co-axial flow heat exchanger.
One fluid flows through inside tube and the
other fluid flows through the annulus.
In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two
fluids enter the exchanger at the same end,
and travel in parallel to exit at the other side.
In counter-flow heat exchangers the fluids
enter the exchanger from opposite ends.
Counter current design is more efficient, in
that it can transfer more heat.
Concentric-tube (Double-pipe) heat exchangers [Ref 1]
(a) Parallel flow (b) Counterflow
( )
2 1
2 1
/ ln
,
T T
T T
T T T UA q
lm m m
A A
A A
= A = A A =
Concentric-tube
May consist of several passes arranged in a vertical stack.
Useful when 100 to 150 ft
2
(10 to 15 m
2
) of surface is
required, and for small flow rates.
For larger capacities, shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
providing up to thousands of square feet of area are used.
[Ref 2]
2.2. Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Tubular HEs consisting a tube bank enclosed
by a shell. One fluid flows inside the tubes
and the other flows inside the shell.
One-shell pass One-tube pass
(1-1) (cross-counter flow) [Ref 1]
Baffles increase the convection coefficient of the shell-side fluid by
inducing turbulence and a cross-flow velocity component.
(b) Two shell
passes-four
tube passes
(2-4) [Ref 1]
(a) One shell pass-
two tube passes
(1-2) [Ref 1]
Temperature patterns in multipass exchangers
( ) | | ) /( ) ( ln
) ( ) (
/ ln
2 1
2 1
ci ho co hi
ci ho co hi
T T lm T m
T T T T
T T T T
F
T T
T T
F T F T
=
A A
A A
= A = A
(b) 2-4 exchanger
(a) 1-2 exchanger
[Ref 2]
Correction of LMTD for multipass exchangers
ci hi
ci co
H
ph h
pc c
ci co
ho hi
T T
T T
c m
c m
T T
T T
Z
= =
= n ,
=
= A
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Step 2
Enthalpies and LMTD depends on fluid
temperature behavior:
For parallel flow with no phase change,
A
h
= C
ph
(T
hi
-T
ho
), A
c
= C
pc
(T
co
-T
ci
)
] ) ( ) [( ln
) ( ) (
co ho ci hi
co ho ci hi
lm
T T T T
T T T T
T
= A
For counterflow with no phase change,
A
h
= C
ph
(T
hi
-T
ho
), A
c
= C
pc
(T
co
-T
ci
)
] ) ( ) [( ln
) ( ) (
co hi ci ho
co hi ci ho
lm
T T T T
T T T T
T
= A
(b) Counter flow
(a) Parallel flow
For evaporators, A
c
=
c
, A
h
= C
ph
(T
hi
-T
ho
)
] ) ( ) [( ln
c ho c hi
ho hi
lm
T T T T
T T
T
= A
(d) Evaporator
For condensers, A
h
=
h
, A
c
= C
pc
(T
co
-T
ci
)
] ) ( ) [( ln
co h ci h
ci co
lm
T T T T
T T
T
= A
(d) Condenser
where = latent heat of vaporization
Miscellaneous
Overall heat transfer coefficient (U), if not
known, can be determined from Eq (1).
h
i
and h
o
in Eq (1), if not known, can be
determined from correlations given in
Chapter 3.
Heat transfer area (A) is related to tube
length as A = 2t r L = t D L.
Step 3+
Determine any other unknowns from the
overall energy balances (Eq 2).
Determine the HE effectiveness and
number of transfer units.
6. Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
and Number of Transfer Units
6.1. The effectiveness
The effectiveness (c) of a HE is defined as:
( )( )
( )
ci hi
ci hi pc c ph h
T T C
T T C m C m q
q
q
=
=
=
=
min
max
max
, min where
fer heat trans of rate possible Maximum
fer heat trans of rate Actual
c
q
max
is the rate of heat transfer that a HE
of infinite area would transfer with given
inlet temperatures, flow rates, and
specific heat.
q
max
occurs when the fluid with minimum
product of flow rate and specific heat
changes temperature to the entering
temperature of the other fluid.
6.2. Number of Transfer Units (NTU)
NTU is a dimensionless parameter that is
widely used for heat exchanger analysis.
It is defined as:
min
NTU
C
UA
=
6.3. Effectiveness-NTU Relationship
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
max
min
NTU,
C
C
f c
Effectiveness-NTU Relations of HEs [Ref 1]
Effectiveness-NTU of
a parallel flow HE
Effectiveness-NTU of
a counterflow HE
REFERENCES
1. F. P. Incropera, D. P. Dewitt, T. L. Bergman, A.
S. Lavine. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass
Transfer, 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
2. W. L. McCabe, J. C. Smith, P. Harriott. Unit
Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th
Edition. McGraw-Hill, 2005.
3. Geankoplis, C. J. Transport Processes and Unit
Operations, 4
th
Edition. Prentice-Hall, 2003.
4. A. F. Mills. Basic Heat and Mass Transfer, 2nd
Edition. Prentice Hall, 1999.