Introduction to medical virology

B.Mishra
26.09.012

What is viruses
(virus: poisonous or slimy fluid)

Strictly intra cellular Potentially pathogenic Possesing only one type of nucleic acid Multiplying in the form of their genetic material Unable to grow in ordinary media

Lwoff (1957): Defines:Viruses should be considered as viruses because viruses are viruses

Growth on artificial media

binary fission

Both DNA and RNA

sensitivity to antibiotics >300 nm diameter

Bacteria
Mycoplasma

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes +/-

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Rickettsia

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Chlamydia

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

+/-

Viruses

No

No

No

No

No

Relative size of viruses and bacteria

1mm

Sizes

Object Protozoa

Microscopes

100m

Light
10m

Blood cells
1m

Bacteria
100nm

UV viruses Electron Macromolecules

10nm

1nm

Molecules

1A

Atoms

Study of viral morphology

Negative contrast Electron microscopy: Study of virus structure

Thin section Electron microscopy: Study of virus and host interaction Immunoelectron microscopy: To detect either component Electron cryomicroscopy: To avoid artifact produced in negative contrast EM or Thin section EM X ray diffraction: Production of sufficient amount of pure virus/ viral component

Structure of virus

Viral protein Viral nucleic acid Viral lipid envelope Viral glycoproteins

Basic virus structure

Viral glycoprotein

Properties of naked capsid viruses

Properties of enveloped viruses

Genome of DNA virus

All double stranded except Parvovirus Arrangement:
linear or circular
Hepadena Papova

Size:
3.2 kbp to >300 kbp

Genome of RNA virus

SS or DS :
Reo

Single or segmented:
Arena, Bunya, Orthomyxo, Reo

Polarity:
Positive ( mRNA) or negative sense

Classification Parameters
Several Parameters Are Used for Classification
Viral classification study is referred to as Taxonomy 63 families exist so far Type of genomic nucleic acid Size of virion and genome Capsid structure Host Replication mechanism

Classification of virus
History: Properties of virus: filtrability Disease produced: hepatitis, resp etc Hierarchial system:
A virus is a virus, whether to be regarded as organism is a matter of taste

Monothetical: based on any single property Polythetical: group of properties Systematic approach: Non systematic approach:

Types of symmetry
Icosahedral Helical

Icosahedral symmetry
Icosahedron: 20 faces (equilateral triangle) 30 edges 12 corners/vertices

5:3:2 rotational symmetry

vertices

e d g e s

edges

faces

The icosahedral shape of a soccer ball.

Penton subunits (black) and Hexon subunits (white)

Complex symmetry

Size of Viruses
Ranges of sizes 20 nm to 500 nm (spherical) 12 nm to 300-2000 nm (rod like) Easily observed with electron microscope

ICTV Classification
Polythetic: collection of properties
Non systematic:

no fixed list of properties to be considered for all viruses

genus species

Hierarchial system: order family subfamily

Nomenclature of viruses
Taxon Order Family Subfamily Genus Suffix virales viridae virinae virus Example Mononegavirales
(Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Filoviriridae)

Herpesviridae
Alphaherepesvirinae Herpes simplex virus1

Baltimore classification
All viruses must generate positive strand mRNA from their genome
Basic strategy for viral replication

Viral Replication

Typical infectious cycle

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Attachment Penetration Uncoating Transcription and/or translation Replication Assembly Release

Adenovirus Coxsackievirus Echovirus Epstein-Barr Virus HIV-1 Measles virus Parvovirus Poliovirus Rhinovirus

CAR CAR, CD55 Integrin VLA-2, CD55 CD21 CD4, CCR5, CXCR4 CD46 Erythrocyte P Ag PVR ICAM-1

Variations on the replication theme

Viral envelope formation