Teori Dasar Ultrasonik

Introduction to Ultrasonic Testing SD 218
SLAMET WALUYO PT. MULTI KHARISMA PERKASA

2007
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Straight beam probe

housing socket
dampingblock crystal workpiece
matchingelement protecting face (probe delay) Sound pulse

Angle beam probe

damping blocks housing
socket perspex wedge (probe delay)
crystal
workpiece
Sound pulse
Sound field
N = near field length
near field
far field
= angle of divergence
acoustical axis (central beam)
Flaw detection
Flaw detection
10 20 30 40
Flaw detection
10 20 30 40
Bad flaw orientation
Improper flaw location
crack
Angle reflection
10 20 30 40
crack
Angle reflection
Vertical, near surface flaw
10
20
30
40
Tandem technique (top)

a1 T
5 10
15
5 10
15
Tandem technique (middle)

a2 T
5 10
15
5 10
15
Tandem technique (bottom)

a3
T
5 10
15
5 10
15
Improper flaw orientation
10
20
30
40
Perfect flaw orientation
10
20
30
40
Flaw detectability with improper flaw orientation

reflected sound waves
5 10
15
sound beam flat defect

Flaw distance
Principle of transit time measurement

finish signal (echo) transmitter start signal (pulse) sound transit path work piece
Stopwatch probe transit time measurement
CRT / A-scan display
10
Priciple, transmission pulse

transmitter
transmission pulse
sound wave starts at crystal
work piece probe
light point
10
Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece

transmitter sound wave
work piece probe
10
Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall

transmitter
work piece probe
10
Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling surface

transmitter
work piece probe
10
Priciple, echo display and 2nd run

transmitter
work piece probe back wall echo
10
Probe delay
10
electrical zero (initial pulse)
mechanical zero (surface)
crystal
probe protecting face
Probe delay
electical zero (initial pulse)
probe delay (wedge)
10
sound wave
mechanical zero (surface)
work piece
Flaw location and echo display

flaw
work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo
10

flaw
work piece probe
back wall echo

flaw echo 0 2 4 6 8 10

flaw
work piece probe
flaw echo
back wall echo
10

flaw
work piece probe back wall echo

flaw echo covered by initial pulse
10

flaw
work piece probe back wall echo: without with flaw 0 2 4 6 8 10

flaw
work piece
probe
flaw echo sequence
10
Dead zone
dead zone
10
Near surface detectability with angle beam pobes
10
20
TR-probe / dual crystal probe

transmitter socket
acoustical barrier crystal
receiver socket
damping blocks
delay
Probe delay with TR-probes

IP
BE
10
TR-probe
work piece
Cross talk at high gain

IP
cross talk echo
0 2 4 6
BE
flaw echo
10
TR-probe
flaw
Range calibration
10
div.
50
100 mm steel, L
Calibration block 1 with angle beam probes

5 10 15
70 60
45
1st echo from circular section
10
15
10
100 mm
Echo sequence from 100 mm radius
10
15
10
100 mm 200 mm 300 mm
25 mm radius of calibration block 2

this wave will be absorbed !
s 1 = 25 mm s 2 = 100 mm s 3 = 175 mm etc.

50 mm radius of calibration block 2
s 1 = 50 mm s 2 = 125 mm s 3 = 200 mm etc.

100 mm range calibration on K2
10
15
0 0
10
100 mm steel
Flaw location
s = kR
s = sound path k = scale factor R = screen reading
0
15 10 5
10
s
work piece reflector
Flaw location with angle beam probes

Sound entry point a
s = probe angle s = sound path a = surface distance d = depth d flaw location a = ssin d = scos projection point "flaw triangle"
Flaw location with angle beam probes

a = surface distance a' = reduced surface distance x = x-value = distance: index point front edge of probe
x
15 10 5
a a'
d
reflector
work piece
Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate
a
15 10 5
d = apparent depth
apparent flaw location
Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate

d' = apparent depth d = real depth T = work piece thickness
a = s sin d = s cos d = 2T - d
a
15 10 5
d d'
real flaw location
apparent flaw location

Large defects parallel to the scanning surface
Scanning the edge of the defect
Flaw echo drops to 50% of its maximum value
Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes
IP
BE
IP
BE
IP
BE
10
10
10
Flaw distances and echo amplitudes

IP R BE
10
IP
BE
10
IP
R BE
10
Defect evaluation by comparison - 1
instrument gain: G = 34 dB
IP
BE
80 %
10
IP
BE
0 instrument gain: 34 dB
10
IP
RE BE
+ 8 dB
0
instrument gain: 42 dB
10

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Introduction to Ultrasonic Testing SD 218

SLAMET WALUYO PT. MULTI KHARISMA PERKASA

Straight beam probe

dampingblock crystal workpiece

matchingelement protecting face (probe delay) Sound pulse

Angle beam probe

socket perspex wedge (probe delay)

N = near field length

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Bad flaw orientation

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Improper flaw location

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Vertical, near surface flaw

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Tandem technique (top)

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Tandem technique (middle)

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Tandem technique (bottom)

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Improper flaw orientation

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Perfect flaw orientation

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw detectability with improper flaw orientation

sound beam flat defect

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Principle of transit time measurement

Stopwatch probe transit time measurement

CRT / A-scan display

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Priciple, transmission pulse

sound wave starts at crystal

work piece probe

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece

work piece probe

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall

work piece probe

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling surface

work piece probe

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Priciple, echo display and 2nd run

work piece probe back wall echo

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

electrical zero (initial pulse)

mechanical zero (surface)

probe delay (wedge)

mechanical zero (surface)

Flaw location and echo display

work piece probe back wall echo flaw echo

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display

work piece probe

back wall echo

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Flaw location and echo display