Power Generation

Dr. Tahir Mahmood Lecture No. 1 Sections: A/B/C Days: Tuesday Dated: 06-09-2012

COURSE OUTLINE OF POWER GENERATION

Course Objectives: The students learn different power plant and modes of energy conversion to generate electrical energy in this course and the concepts of fuel cells are introduced.

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COURSE OUTLINE OF POWER GENERATION

Course Contents: Thermal Power Plants:
Sources of conventional energy and method of harnessing, special features and cycles used in steam, gas and diesel power plants, combine cycle systems and cogeneration. Location of the above plants and selection of units, prime movers and associated equipment.
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COURSE OUTLINE OF POWER GENERATION

Hydroelectric Power Plants:
The plants and their equipment, layouts, run of the river and accumulation type station, types of hydroelectric turbines and their stations.

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COURSE OUTLINE OF POWER GENERATION

Nuclear Power Plants:
Nuclear reaction, fission and fusion reaction, critical mass chain reaction, moderators, reactor control and cooling, classification of reactors, different types of reactors, radiation damages, shielding of grays neutrons, materials for construction.

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COURSE OUTLINE OF POWER GENERATION

Thermoelectric Generators: Thermoelectric effect, solid state description of thermoelectric effect, analysis and design of thermoelectric generators, figure of merit, device configuration, solar and radioisotope powered generators, applications.

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COURSE OUTLINE OF POWER GENERATION

MHD Generators: Gaseous conductors, analysis and design of MHD generator, problems associated with MHD generation, possible configuration. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD)

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Books
1. GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY, AUTHOR: B.R.GUPTA 2. ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL POWER STATION DESIGN, M.V. DESHPANDE 3. POWER PLANT ENGINEERING , A.K.RAJA, Amit Prakash Srivastava, Manish Dwivedi. 4. Guide to Electric Power Generation, A.J. Pansini, K.D.Smalling 5. Power Generation Technologies, Paul Breeze
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Books
6. Electrical Power Systems Theory and Practice, M.n. Bandvopadhyay 7. Diesel Generator Hand Book, L L J MAHON 8. Diesel Engine Engineering Thermodynamics, Dynamics, Design, and Control, Andrei Makartchouk

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Academic Schedule
Description Registration Teaching Mid Semester Exam Teaching Prep. Leaves Period 13th Sep. 2010 14th Sep. 2010 To 5th Nov. 2010 8th Nov. 2010 To 12th Nov. 2010 Duration 01 Day 08 Weeks 01 Week

15th Nov. 2010 To 07th Jan., 2010 08th Jan. 2011 To 16th Jan., 2011

08 Weeks 01 Week

End Semester Exam

Semester Break

17th Jan. 2011 To 21st Jan., 2011

01 Week

22nd Jan., 2011 To 30th Jan., 2011

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01 Week
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Marks Distribution:
Sessionals=20 Marks (Assignments, Unannounced Quizzes, Tests, Mini-projects, Field Visits) Lab Work =20 Marks? (Assignments, Unannounced Quizzes, Tests, Mini-projects, Field Visits) Mid-Semester=20 Marks End-Semester=40 Marks
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Introduction
Electric energy ---> top grade in the energy hierarchy. In-numerable uses (home, industry, agriculture and even in transport, etc.). The fact that:
electricity can be transported practically instantaneously, almost pollution free at the consumer level, and its use can be controlled very easily, make it very attractive as compared to other forms of energy.

The per capita consumption of electricity in any country is an index of the standard of living of the people in that country
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Introduction
The annual per capita consumption of electrical energy in:
USA 13000 kWh, Canada 16000 kWh, Japan 8000 kWh, UK 7200 kWh, USSR 6000 kWh, and Pakistan 449 kwh India 349 kWh. // now 571 kwh
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Introduction
Table 1.1 shows the increase in installed capacity and yearly electrical energy production in USA during the past few decades. The United States has only 6% of world population but accounts for over 30% of the electrical energy consumed in the world

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT A power plant is assembly of systems or subsystems to generate electricity, i.e., power with economy and requirements. The power plant itself must be useful economically and environmental friendly to the society.

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT A power plant may be defined as a machine or assembly of equipment that generates and delivers a flow of mechanical or electrical energy. The main equipment for the generation of electric power is generator. When coupling it to a prime mover runs the generator, the electricity is generated.
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1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTS

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT The type of prime move determines, the type of power plants.

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT The major power plants, which will be discussed in this course are, 1. Steam power plant 2. Diesel power plant 3. Gas turbine power plant 4. Nuclear power plant 5. Hydro electric power plant
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Fundamental of Power Plant

The main parts of an electric power system are power stations, transmission systems, and distribution networks.
Power stations. An electric power station is a factory in which energy is converted from one form into electrical energy.

Dr. Tahir Mahmood, Electrical Electrical Department Department, uet Taxila

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.2 CONCEPT OF POWER PLANT 1. The Steam Power Plant, 2. Diesel Power Plant, 3. Gas Turbine Power Plant 4. Nuclear Power Plants are called THERMAL POWER PLANT, because these convert heat into electric energy. Electrical Department

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.3 ENERGY Energy is the capacity for doing work, generating heat, and emitting light. Heat is the ability to change the temperature of an object or phase of a substance. For example, heat changes a solid into a liquid or a liquid into a vapor. Heat is part of the definition of energy.
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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.3 ENERGY Another part of the definition of energy is radiation, which is the light and energy emitted in the form of waves traveling at the speed of light.

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.4 Power Power is the rate doing work, which equals energy per time. Energy is thus required to produce power. We need energy to run power plants to generate electricity. We need power to run our appliances, and heat our homes. Without energy we would not have Electrical Department 25 electricity.

Fundamental of Power Plant

1.4 Power Electricity is the most convenient and versatile form of energy. Demand for it, therefore, has been growing at a rate faster than other forms of energy. Power industry too has recorded a phenomenal rate of growth both in terms of its volume and technological sophistication over the last few decades.
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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.4 Power Electricity plays a crucial role in both industrial and agricultural sectors and, therefore, consumption of electricity in the country is an indicator of productivity and growth. In view of this, power development has been given high-priority.
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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION The working substance of the energy conversion device viz., prime-mover (which convert the natural resources of energy into power or electricity) is called fuel. The most common fuel is fossil fuel viz., Coal, petrol, diesel or water gas (steam) in the case of steam power plants, I.C. Engines, gas turbines, and hydro-electric 28 power plants. Electrical Department

Fundamental of Power Plant

1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION Uranium 235 as fissionable and U238 as fertile fuel in the case of fission reactors of nuclear power plant and hydrogen as fuel in the case of fusion nuclear reactor. Fission reactor is conventional, while fusion reactor is supposed to be non-conventional due to its uncontrolled reaction rate; and it is believed that Russians have developed it but keeping the whole world silence.
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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION In the case of non-conventional power plants the fuels are according to their characteristics viz., Thermoelectric material (Bi2Te3, bismuth telluride, lead telluride etc.); thermionic materials (Na, K, Cs, W etc.); hydrogen or hydrocarbon or coal in the case of fuel-cells and further water and methane etc in the recent development of the sources of energy.
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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION Combustion of the fuel is a must in any energy conversion device. Combustion is defined as rapidly proceeding chemical reaction with liberation of heat and light.

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.5 FUELS AND COMBUSTION But in the case of fuel cell it is of the nature of chemical reaction i.e., transfer of ions, similarly in the case of thermo-electric generator it is conduction of electron and holes, in the case of MHD power plant it is drifting of positive and negative ion etc.

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.6 RESOURCES FOR POWER GENERATION The hydel power source plays a vital role in the generation of power, as it is a non-conventional perennial source of energy. Therefore the French calls it huile blanche white oil-the power of flowing water. Unlike black oil, it is a non-conventional energy source.
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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.6 RESOURCES FOR POWER GENERATION

Water as a source of power is non-polluting which is a prime requirement of power industry today. The major difficulty in the development of hydroelectric projects is the relatively longer time required for its hydrological, topographical and geological investigations. Lack of suitable site is an added problem for taking up hydro-projects.
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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.6 RESOURCES FOR POWER GENERATION

Hydro-projects generate power at low cost, it is non conventional, easy to manage, pollution free and makes no crippling demands on the transportation system. But the major drawback is, it operates at the mercy of nature.

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.6 RESOURCES FOR POWER GENERATION

The next important source for power generation is fuel in the form of coal, oil or gas.

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.6 RESOURCES FOR POWER GENERATION

The location of hydel-power plants is mostly determined by the natural topography available and location of thermal plants is dictated by the source of fuel or transportation facilities available if the, power plant is to be located far from coalmines. For nuclear power plant any site can be selected paying due consideration to safety and load.
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CLASSIFICATION
1.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANT CYCLE To convert energy from heat to work on a continuous basis, one needs to operate a cycle. A cycle is a series of processes that begins and ends at the same state and can be repeated indefinitely. Figure 1.2 illustrates an ideal diesel cycle.

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FIGURE 1.2 Pressure-volume (a) and temperature-entropy (b) diagrams of an ideal diesel cycle.
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1.7 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANT CYCLE Figure 1.2 illustrates an ideal diesel cycle. Process 1 to 2. Ideal and adiabatic (no heat exchanged) compression Process 2 to 3. Heat addition at constant pressure Process 3 to 4. Ideal and adiabatic expansion process Process 4 to 1. Constant-volume heat rejection. Electrical Department 40

1.7 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANT CYCLE Power plants cycle generally divided in to the following groups, (1) Vapour Power Cycle (Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle, Regenerative cycle, Reheat cycle, Binary vapour cycle) (2) Gas Power Cycles (Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Dual combustion cycle, Gas turbine cycle.). Department Electrical 41

Fundamental of Power Plant

1.8 REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS CYCLES RELATED TO POWER PLANTS Thermodynamics is the science of many processes involved in one form of energy being changed into another. It is a set of book keeping principles that enable us to understand and follow energy as it transformed from one form or state to the other.
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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.8 REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS CYCLES RELATED TO POWER PLANTS The first law of thermodynamics says that energy cant be destroyed or created. When one energy form is converted into another, the total amount of energy remains constant. An example of this law is a gasoline engine. The chemical energy in the fuel is converted into various forms including kinetic energy of motion, potential energy, chemical energy in the carbon dioxide, and water Electrical Department 43 of the exhaust gas.

Fundamental of Power Plant

1.8 REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS CYCLES RELATED TO POWER PLANTS The second law of thermodynamics is the entropy law, which says that all physical processes proceed in such a way that the availability of the energy involved decreases. This means that no transformation of energy resource can ever be 100% efficient.
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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.8 REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS CYCLES RELATED TO POWER PLANTS The second law declares that the material economy necessarily and unavoidably degrades the resources that sustain it. Entropy is a measure of disorder or chaos, when entropy increases disorder increases.

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.8 REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS CYCLES RELATED TO POWER PLANTS The steam power plants works on modified rankine cycle in the case of steam engines and isentropic cycle concerned in the case of impulse and reaction steam turbines. In the case of I.C. Engines (Diesel Power Plant) it works on Otto cycle, diesel cycle or dual cycle and in the case of gas turbine it works on Brayton cycle, in the case of nuclear power plants it works on Einstein equation, as well as on the basic principle of fission or fusion. Electrical Department 46

Fundamental of Power Plant

1.8 REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS CYCLES RELATED TO POWER PLANTS However in the case of non-conventional energy generation it is complicated and depends upon the type of the system viz., thermo electric or thermionic basic principles and theories et al.

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Fundamental of Power Plant

1.9 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANT CYCLE Assignment No.1+ Seminar (ppt.presentation) Last Date for submission 13-09-2011

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