DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF LAB MODEL OF STEAM TURBINE PLANT

Bilal Ibrahim 08-MECH-48 Jawad Ahmed

08-MECH-42
Imran Ahmed Khan 08-MECH-49 Basit Ali 08-MECH-52

WHAT IS STEAM TURBINE?

A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Hightemperature, high-pressure steam passes through a nozzle on fixed blades and spurts out and expands, or has its direction altered into a highspeed jet that is directed against rotor blades which spin the shaft to which they are attached, creating rotational energy. In simple terms, the steam turbine's rotors are turned by the force of the steam in just the same way that a waterwheel is turned by the force of the flowing water.

PLANT LAYOUT

BASIC PRINCIPLE (RANKINE CYCLE)

RANKINE CYCLE
Process 1-2: Water from the condenser at low pressure is pumped into the boiler at high pressure. This process is reversible adiabatic. Process 2-3: Water is converted into steam at constant pressure by the addition of heat in the boiler. Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion of steam in the steam turbine. Process 4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser to convert condensate into water

THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF RANKINE CYCLE

HOW TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE RANKINE CYCLE?

Lowering the Condenser Pressure Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures Increasing the Boiler Pressure The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle The Ideal Regenerative Rankine Cycle

LOWERING THE CONDENSER PRESSURE

Steam exists as a saturated mixture in the condenser at the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure inside the condenser. Therefore, lowering the operating pressure of the condenser automatically lowers the temperature of the steam, and thus the temperature at which heat is rejected. The effect of lowering the condenser pressure on the Rankine cycle efficiency is illustrated on a T-s diagram.

SUPERHEATING THE STEAM TO HIGH TEMPERATURES

The average temperature at which heat is transferred to steam can be increased without increasing the boiler pressure by superheating the steam to high temperatures. The effect of superheating on the performance of vapor power cycles is illustrated on a T-s diagram. The colored area on this diagram represents the increase in the net work. The total area under the process curve 3-3_ represents the increase in the heat input. Thus both the net work and heat input increase as a result of superheating the steam to a higher temperature.

INCREASING THE BOILER PRESSURE

Another way of increasing the average temperature during the heat-addition process is to increase the operating pressure of the boiler, which automatically raises the temperature at which boiling takes place. This, in turn, raises the average temperature at which heat is transferred to the steam and thus raises the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

THE IDEAL REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE

Expand the steam in the turbine in two stages, and reheat it in between. In other words, modify the simple ideal Rankine cycle with a reheat process. Reheating is a practical solution to the excessive moisture problem in turbines, and it is commonly used in modern steam power plants.

THE IDEAL REGENERATIVE RANKINE CYCLE

BOILER

A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications, including boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation.

TYPES OF BOILERS

Fire tube Boiler

Water tube Boiler Electric Boiler

FIRE TUBE BOILERS

DESIGNED BOILER

CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW

ACCESSORIES USED IN BOILER

Swing check valve

Relief valve

ACCESSORIES USED IN BOILER

A bimetallic temperature gauge

Pressure gauge

ACCESSORIES USED IN BOILER

Level indicator

TURBINE

A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.

TWO TYPES OF TURBINES

Impulse type
In impulse turbines, high-velocity steam from fixed nozzles impacts the blades, and this impulse drives the blades forward, causing the rotor to turn.

Reaction Type
In reaction turbines, high-velocity steam from nozzles striking blades also produces impulse, but the steam jet runs into the blades and the main force turning the rotor is the reactive force produced by the expansion of steam flowing off the rotor blades themselves.

DIFFERENCE

DESIGNED TURBINE