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Objectives/Study Questions
1.What is the general structure for an aldehyde? A ketone? 2.How are the common names of aldehydes and ketones determined? How are aldehydes and ketones named using IUPAC nomenclature? 3.Why are the boiling points of aldehydes and ketones higher than those of ethers and alkanes of similar molar masses, but lower than those of comparable alcohols?
Objectives/Study Questions
4.How do the solubilities of aldehydes and ketones of four carbons or less compare to the solubilities of comparable alkanes and alcohols in water? 5.How are aldehydes and ketones prepared? 6.What typical reactions take place with aldehydes and ketones? 7.What are some common aldehydes and ketones and their uses?
Carbonyl Group
Carbon atom joined to oxygen by a double bond Ketones Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Both common and IUPAC names frequently used Common names from acids from which aldehydes can be converted
Aldehydes
IUPAC Longest chain with aldehyde Drop e and add -al Aldehyde takes precedence over all other groups so far Examples
Ketones
Naming:
Drop e, add -one Many common names Simplest is 3 carbons
C.
Ketones
Carbonyl carbon gets lowest number See examples
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Hormones
Affects boiling points More than ethers (C-O bonds) Less than alcohols (C-OH bonds) Low aldehydes very pungent High aldehydes pleasant odors (perfumes)
Similar to alcohols and ethers Soluble up to about 4 carbons Insoluble after that
Odors
Solubility
Preparation of Aldehydes
Oxidation
Leads to carboxylic acid unless care is taken 1 alcohols
Preparation of Ketones
Oxidation of a 2 alcohol Utilizes chromium compounds and sulfuric acid
Tollens
Reduction
Variety of agents can reduce aldehydes and ketones to alcohols NaBH4 and H2 commonly used
Hydration
Formaldehyde dissolves readily in water Acetaldehyde somewhat also
Form
hydrates
Hemiacetal
Aldehyde
+ alcohol
Hemiketal
Ketone
+ alcohol