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By Dr Khawaja Rashid Hassan Assistant Professor RAWAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES RAWAL COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY ISLAMABAD
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Failure or success potential of any prosthesis / restoration is dependent upon the mechanical properties of the material. The material response may be, Elastic . reversible on force removal. Plastic Irreversible / non-elastic. Mechanical properties are expressed in terms of stress and/or strain.
MASTICATORY FORCES
Occlusal forces applied by adult dentition is greatest in posterior region. In growing children there is an average annual increase in force of 22 N. Denture wearers only apply 40% of the forces given in table.
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STRESS
When
a force acts on the body, a resistance is developed to the external force applied. This internal reaction is equal in magnitude/intensity and opposite in direction to the applied force and is called as STRESS Denoted by S or Designated as force per unit area (=N/m) Pascal = 1 N / m. Commonly stress is reported in terms of megaPascals.
STRAIN
Relative deformation of an object that is subjected to stress. It is change in length per unit length. It may be elastic, plastic or both elastic and plastic. It is denoted by Designated as L / L.
Generally, the force applied may be Axial (tensile or compressive) Shear (sliding, rubbing) Bending (bending movement) Tortional (twisting movement)
COMPRESSION
TYPES OF STRESSES
3 simple types. 1. TENSILE STRESS: causes the body to stretch or elongate. Tensile stress is always accompanied by tensile strain. 2. COMPRESSIVE STRESS: causes the body to shorten or compress. Compressive 3. SHEAR STRESS: resist the sliding or twisting of one portion of the body over another.
Hooke's Law
Hooke's Law states that "within the limits of elasticity the strain produced by a stress (of any one kind) is proportional to the stress". The stress at which a material ceases to obey Hooke's Law is known as the limit of proportionality.
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Hooke's Law
Hooke's law can be expressed by the formula stress / strain = a constant. The value of the constant depends on the material and the type of stress. For tensile and compressive forces it is called Young's modulus, E; for shearing forces, the shear modulus, S; and, for forces affecting the volume of the object, the bulk modulus, K.
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PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
It is the maximum stress at which the stress is equivalent/proportional to strain and above this limit the plastic deformation of a material occurs. The material may be subjected to any type of applied force.
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STENGTH
Strength is the maximum stress that a material can withstand without sustaining a specific amount of plastic strain. OR
STRENGTH PROPERTIES
ULTIMATE TENSILE STENGTH : Simply called as TENSILE STRENGTH. It is defined as the Tensile stress at the point of fracture. YIELD STRENGTH : It is the stress at which a test specimen exhibits a specific amount of plastic strain. Used in the conditions when proportional limit cannot be determined with accuracy.
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES
SHEAR STRENGTH: Maximum shear stress at the point of fracture. FLEXURAL STRENGTH: Defined as force per unit area at the point of fracture of a specimen that is subjected to flexural loading Also called as BENDING STRENGTH or MODULUS OF RUPTURE
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES
FATIGUE STRENGTH:
Determined by subjecting a material to cyclic stress of maximum known value and determining the number of cycles required to cause failure of the material. Maximum service stress (endurance limit) can be maintained without failure over an infinite number of cycles. Endurance limit is lower for materials with brittle and rough surface.
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES
FATIGUE STRENGTH:
Dental restorative materials may exhibit static fatigue failure or dynamic fatigue failure. Depends upon the nature of loading or residual stress situations. Failure begins as a flaw that propagates till the catastrophic fracture occurs.
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES
IMPACT STRENGTH:
Impact is the reaction of a stationary object to a collusion with a moving body. Impact strength is defined as energy required to fracture a material under an impact force. The energy units are joules.
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ELASTIC MODULUS
Also called as modulus of elasticity or Youngs modulus. It is the relative stiffness or rigidity of a material. Measured by the slope of the elastic region of the stress strain curve. If a tensile or compressive stress (below the proportional limit) is divided by corresponding strain value, a constant of proportionality will be obtained.
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ELASTIC MODULUS
Unaffected by the amount of elastic or plastic stress induced in the material. Independent of ductility of a material. The lower the strain for a given stress, greater will be the elastic modulus. E.g. two wires of same shape and size. Polyether impression materials. Unit is Giganewtons/m (GPa).
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TOPICS:
INTRODUCTION TO DENTAL MATERIALS SELECTION & EVALUATION OF DENTAL MATERIALS. BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF DENTAL MATERIALS. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS. MACHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS
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VIVA
MAY 2012 (FRIDAY) TUTORIAL TIMINGS
4TH
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STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
For materials in which strain is independent of the length of time that a load is applied STRESS STRAIN CURVES are important.
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STIFFNESS & FLEXIBILITY If longitudinal portion of the curve is closer to the long axis the material is stiff & not flexible. If it is away from the long axis the material is flexible.
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TOUGHNESS & BRITTLENESS If material fractures after a long concave portion of the curve, it donates that the material is tough & ductile. If elastic portion of the curve is minimal, it shows the brittleness of the material.
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HENCE FROM THE ANALYSIS OF THE STRESS STRAIN CURVE IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE AN IDEA ABOUT THE PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL.
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RESILIENCE
The amount of elastic energy per unit volume released when the stress is removed. With increase in interatomic spacing the internal energy increases. Until the stress is lower than proportional limit, the energy is called as RELILIENCE.
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TOUGHNESS
Amount of elastic and plastic deformation energy required to fracture a material. Measured by the area under the elastic region of the stress strain curve. Toughness increases with increase in strength and ductility. Tough materials are generally strong. Resistance of a brittle material to propagation of flaws under an applied stress (FRACTURE TOUGHNESS)
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HARDNESS
In mineralogy, relative hardness of a substance is based upon its ability to resist scratching. In metallurgy and mostly in all other disciplines, hardness is defined as resistance to indentation. Designated as
KNOOP HARDNESS NUMBER. BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBER. VICKERS HARDNESS NUMBER. ROCKWELL HARDNESS NUMBER.
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TERMS TO REMEMBER
Shapes produced by indentors On materials
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QUESTIONS???
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