Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENTED BY SAMPRITI JANA (11106231) D.Pharm (Ayu) SIDDHENDU BHATTACHARJEE M.Pharm (Ayu) LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
CONTENTS
DEFINATION INTRODUCTION OLDEST DESCRIPTION ORIGIN OF CANCER (ca) CAUSES TYPES OF CANCER SYMPTOMS & SIGN & TESTS. MODERN KNOWLEDGE OF CANCER AYURVEDA AND CANCER
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DEFINATION
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body.*
WHAT IS CANCER?? Cancer known medically as a broad group of various diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. Cancer cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. Spread to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream
INTRODUCTION
Contd.
Demonstration of Cancer
Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected.
Contd.
More dangerous, or malignant, tumors form when two things occur: a cancerous cell manages to move throughout the body using the blood or lymph systems, destroying healthy tissue in a process called invasion that cell manages to divide and grow, making new blood vessels to feed itself in a process called angiogenesis.
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Oldest descriptions
Human beings and other animals have had cancer throughout recorded history. So its no surprise that from the dawn of history people have written about cancer. Some of the earliest evidence of cancer is found among fossilized bone tumors, human mummies in ancient Egypt. Growths suggestive of the bone cancer called osteosarcoma have been seen in mummies.
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Contd.
Edwin Smith Papyrus (copy of part of an ancient Egyptian textbook on trauma surgery) Describe 8 cases of tumors/ ulcers Writing says about Cancer There is no treatment.
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Causes
Viruses- Hepatitis B, HPV- disease such as AIDS. Chemicals- Pesticides, Nickel, Asbestos, Benzene- Cigarette smokers-lung cancer. Tobacco- Smoking- Mouth, larynx, pancreas, kidney- Mouth, tongue, throat cancer. Alcohol- Heavy drinkers- Mouth, throat, esophagus, liver.
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Causes
Diet- High fat, high cholesterol- Colon, uterus, prostate- obesity- breast cancer. Hereditary- abnormal gene.
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(body fluids): blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. An excess of black bile in various body sites was thought to cause cancer. This theory of cancer was passed on by the Romans and was embraced by the influential doctor Galens medical teaching
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Lymph theory:
Of all the fluids, the most important were blood and lymph. Stahl and Hoffman theorized that cancer was composed of fermenting and degenerating lymph, varying in density, acidity, and alkalinity. lymph theory gained rapid support and theory said tumors grow from lymph constantly thrown out by the blood.
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Blastema theory
German pathologist Johannes Muller- cancer is made up of cells and not lymph, but he believed that cancer cells did not come from normal cells.
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Contd.
Chronic irritation theory- cancers spread like a liquid. Trauma theory- This belief was maintained despite the failure of injury to cause cancer in experimental animals.
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Cancer Metastasis
Symptoms of metastasis are due to the spread of cancer to other locations in the body. They can include enlarged lymph nodes (which can be felt or sometimes seen under the skin and are typically hard), hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) or splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) which can be felt in the abdomen, pain or fracture of affected bones, and neurological symptoms.
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Pathophysiology
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Contd.
Ovarian cancer Skin cancer Testicular cancer Thyroid cancer Uterine cancer Lung Cancer.
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Symptoms
Symptoms of cancer depend on the type and location of the cancer. Lung Cancer- Coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath Colon cancer- diarrhea, constipation, and blood in the stool. Some cancers may not have any symptoms at all.
pancreatic cancer, symptoms often do not start until the disease has reached an advanced stage.
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Contd.
Complete blood count (CBC) CT scan Liver function tests MRI scan
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During the 1970s, scientists discovered 2 particularly important families of genes related to cancer: Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
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Immunotherapy
Targeted therapy
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Twenty-first century-Cancer
More targeted therapies- monoclonal
antibodies and small signaling pathway inhibitors, researchers are developing new classes of molecules such as antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and small interfering RNA (siRNA), PARP inhibitors.
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Contd.
Robotic surgery- This term refers to
manipulation of surgical instruments remotely by robot arms and other devices controlled by a surgeon. Robotic systems have been used for several types of cancer surgery; radical prostatectomy is among the most common uses in surgical oncology. Expression profiling and proteomics: Expression profiling lets scientists determine relative output of hundreds or even thousands of molecules (including the proteins made by RNA, DNA, or even a cell or tissue) at one time.
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Cancer-treatment timeline
1961- The first treatment of cancer patients with beams of subatomic particles 1963- Allan Cormack of South Africa devises a method for computerised tomography scanning 1969- Godfrey Hounsfield creates the CT scanner at EMI Laboratories, UK 1973- The first PET image is taken by Michael Phelps and Edward Hoffman
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1974- The first commercial PET machine is built 1975- CT scanners are introduced in hospitals 1980- The first clinically useful magnetic resonance imaging image is taken 1990- A national breast cancer screening campaign is started in the UK 1995- Cancer Research UK develops CHART, a technique for giving radiotherapy in many small doses
Contd.
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Contd.
2002- The mortality rate of breast cancer is down by 15% on 1994 levels Today- Scientists are working on non-invasive cancer tests, such as the breath test, SIFT.
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SUSHRUTA SAMHITA
Arbuda is the Sanskrit word for tumor. According to Sushrut the three doshas (Vata, Pitta and Kapha) when aggravated, may develop a malignant tumor; especially aggravated Kapha and Vata doshas. This affects the tissue, which might result in developing a malignant tumor.
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Features of Tumor
Round Firm Causing mild pain Large Deeply rooted in the body Slow growth Showing no suppuration A swollen, fleshy growth
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In the Sushruta Samhita, the internal medicine describes the existence of benign and malignant tumors in a similar manner.
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CHARAkA sAMHItA
Charak explains that large and rough tumors in the abdomen and intestines, neck and vital organs are exceedingly difficult to cure.
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ASTANGA HRDAYAM written a few centuries after Charak and Sushrut. gives a summary of the two previous works. Tumors and cancer are also discussed in this work. nine types of benign tumors From these nine tumors, six are described that can possibly develop into malignant tumors (three doshas and three tissues).
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Contd.
They are no longer removed by the body grow quickly and cover a large area Caused by three vitiated doshas and always affect muscle tissue, adipose tissue and blood. classification of tumors could be: a. Granthi b. Arbuda.
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REFERENCES
Angiogenesis Inhibitors Therapy: National Cancer Institute. A fact sheet that describes the process of eliminating the blood supply to tumors. www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/digestpage/angiogenesisinhibitors Kardinal C, Yarbro JA. Conceptual history of cancer. Semin Oncol 1979;6:396408. [PubMed:394325] The history of cancer. 2009. Web site accessed at: http://www.bordet.be/en/presentation/history/cancer_e/cancer1 .htm Dr. Anil Kumar Mehta. Ayurveda and Cancer. P. 1-5
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