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Outline
Introduction
Introduction
We need energy in many areas of human
moving people and goods around - transport producing and processing of food - agriculture manufacturing of useful materials and artifacts industry Powering communication gadgets and equipment, and going about other commercial activities - commerce maintaining physical comfort and convenience in our homes - households
Introduction - Transport
Transportation is the movement of people
and goods from one place to another. Transportation depends on continuous supply of energy. Automobiles are powered by gasoline (petrol), aeroplanes by jet fuel (kerosene), and trucks, trains, and ships by diesel oil. Conveyers, cranes, robots and pipelines use motors and pumps, which are powered by electricity.
Introduction - Agriculture
Agro-industries and processing of agricultural
products require energy. Mechanical implements powered by fuel or electricity are immensely more efficient and productive than humans and animals. In developed countries, a major portion of electricity used in agriculture powers irrigation pumps. The energy requirements in agriculture are mainly met using solar energy, fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas), fuel wood and electricity.
Introduction - Industry
Most of the energy used in industry is used by
the machines and processes, which make the products of industry. Industrial energy-consuming systems include boiler and other fired systems (furnace, kilns, incinerators, dryers), compressed air system, electric motors (for fans, blowers, pumps, conveyers, etc.) and lighting system. Energy is also used to heat or cool the buildings and to provide hot water and other facilities for workers.
Introduction - Commerce
Highly sophisticated communication systems
both for the supply of goods and services, and the maintenance of organisational cohesion requires a ready supply of suitable energy. Information processing, storage and retrieval also use a lot of energy in commerce. Electrical energy is the most common form of energy used and supplemented by chemical energy from batteries.
Introduction - Household
Energy is required in households for space
heating or cooling, water heating, cooking, lighting, ironing, and power appliances like fridge, washing machines, sound systems, TV, hair dryers, shavers, clocks, blenders, toasters, vacuum cleaners, sewing machines, etc. The energy may come from direct heating from the sun, electricity, burning of fossil fuels or fuel wood.
In-class Quiz
State three disadvantages of electrically operated vehicles. List five ways in which energy is used in agriculture. State three devices that are powered by electric motors in
industry. State whether the following statements are true or false. a. The most common form of energy used in commerce is chemical energy stored in batteries. True or False? b. Energy for heating could be direct heat from the sun. True or False? c. Energy for cooking is always from fuelwood. True or False?
Answers Q1
Danger posed by the magnetic field produced
by the electric current in overhead wires. This can be harmful to both humans and animals. Restriction to definite routes. Visual pollution caused by the wires and the gantries. Limited range of electric road vehicles. The distance that they cover is limited by the stored energy.
N
LEGEND Hydro
Thermal
Note: GT - Open Cycle Gas Turbine CC - Combined Cycle CSP - Conventional Thermal C/G/O - Triple Fuel Coal, Oil & Gas Dist - Distillate
PAKA(2,420 (360 PASIRDICKSONMW) GUDANG KEV (360 MW) SERDANG (625MW) GELUGOR Teluk Ewa (68(729MW) PORTPRAI (1,139MW) MW) MANJUNG (2100MW) CONNAUGHTMW) CCGT3x120 MW Gas/Oil CSP 2x50034 MWFuel Oil MW Oil/Gas CSPGT3x290MW CoalGas CSP 3x120 MW Coal/G/O CC 2x120 (832 Gas CSP x3x135MW MW) BRIDGE MW Dist 3 12xx330 MW Gas 700 CC 2x300 MW Gas Gas CC 1x269 MW 1x269 MW Gas CSP GT 2x110 MWCoal/G/O GT 4x 130 MW Gas GT 2x110 MW Gas CSP 2x300 MW Gas/Oil CC 1x 312 MW Gas GT 2x110 MW Gas
N
LEGEND Hydro Thermal
Note: GT - Open Cycle Gas Turbine CC - Combined Cycle CSP - Conventional Thermal C/G/O - Triple Fuel Coal, Oil & Gas Dist - Distillate
Temengor Chenderoh Bersia Sg.Piah Pergau Kenering Kenyir Cameron Highland 87 34xx10.7MW 24MW 23xx7.3 MW 4 150MW 40MW 100MW 261.9 MW 1 x 8.4 MW 2 27 MW
Electricity Consumptions - 1
Electricity Consumptions - 2
Electricity Consumptions - 3
It receives electrical supply from main transmission line network system. It is located at few selected locations in a state. The electrical power is delivered to the users through several distribution levels as follows:
First Level (1) Main Entrance Sub-station (MES) or Pencawang Masuk Utama (PMU).
It is a building with high voltage switches and received electrical supply from main transmission line network system.
Second Level (2) Main Divider Sub-station (MDS) or Pencawang Pembahagi Utama (PPU).
It also furnished with high voltage switches. It operates to receive the electrical supply from MES.
Third Level (3) Main Switch Station (MSS) or Stesyen Suis Utama (SSU).
It operates with high voltage switches in order to receive electrical supply from MDS.
It receives electrical supply from MSS. 2 types : Single Chamber and Double Chambers.
Under ground cables are used in the delivery system from level 1 4.
Types : 3C x 300 mm sq/ 3C240 mm sq/ 3C185 mm sq, XLPE (cross-linked Polyethylene), Aluminum.
415V (LV)
Block diagram:
ES 33 kV 33kV / 22kV MDS 22kV/11kV MSS ES 415V (LV)
MTL
MES
Begins whenever the High Voltage electrical supply (11KV) received at ES is converted to Low Voltage electrical supply (415V). Method used is the 4 lines (R-Y-B-N) through step-down transformer. The number of ES is depends on the total load demands (VA) requested by the user. Type of ES : Single Chamber (200 A) and Double Chambers (600 A).
Oil Immersed Type, cheap but low efficiency (for small users). Cast Resin - Dry, more expensive but higher efficiency (larger customers).
Nominal Volt-Ampere (VA) capacity of the transformer : 250 kVA, 500 kVA, 1000 kVA.
Switchgear Room
Transformer Room
LV Board
Outgoing Points
HV Higher institutions, shopping complexes, large factories (owned the MDS, MSS, ES). LV Domestic users, shop lots, public buildings.
kWh meter TNB Main Switch Board (MSB) Sub Switch Board (SSB) Distribution Board (DB)
ES
Users
TNB
User
SSB
HT Switch Room
Users Transformer Room Main Switch Board
FACTORY
MSB
M Incoming TNB
washing machine, computer etc are the subloads to the switched socket.
SPN. Rating of the 3 DB 30A TPN and 60A TPN, 100A TPN, 150A TPN.
Floor Standing Cubicle Metal Clad Type Wall Mounted Cubicle Metal Clad Type 100A TPN, 150A TPN, 200A TPN, 250A TPN, 300A TPN, 350A TPN, 400A TPN, 500A TPN.
Capacity:
demand load:
6.
7.
1000W
1500W
Air-Con
Water Heater Point
746W
1000W
2
1
1492W
1000W 4992W
Example:
Lighting point
Ceiling fan point S/S/O 13 A S/S/O 15 A Air-Con point Switch (1-way) Switch (2-way) Switch (Intermediate) Heater point Exhaust fan point Distribution board TNB kWh meter M or
WH
or
3g
AC 4g 5g
2050 mm (min.) adj. 1500 mm 1500 mm 1500 mm 2050 mm 2600 mm 2100 mm 2650 mm
Cut-out Fuse
Neutral Link
E
TNB Meter Panel ELCB/ RCCB Earth Chamber
Fuse-Switch
MCB
Tariffs
The rate of charging for electrical energy
supplied by the utility company to its consumer. Tariff charge is depends on various factors:
Type of consumer (industrial, commercial, or domestic) Type of service (lighting, heating, etc) Total fixed running annual charges of the utility company Facility for calculating the bill
Tariffs
Definition of tariff:
Total actual charges (fixed running) [RM] Tariff Total energy supplied to the consumer [kWh]