Satellite Communications

Dr. Mohab A. Associate Professor in Wireless Mangoud

EEG 470

Communications Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering College of Engineering, University of Bahrain P.O. Box 32038,Office: 14Isa Town,Kingdom of Bahrain Email : 224 mangoud@eng.uob.bh
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Course 1. Contents of satellites, The satellite Introduction 1.1 What do satellites do? (Types
market) 1.2 Different orbits for different missions. 1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of satellite communications. 1.4 Frequency Allocations for satellite services Satellite frequencies 2. Orbit(L, S, C, X, ku, ka, examples) control and Launching Methods Vehicles and services (How are satellites placed into 2.1 Launch orbit) 2.2 Keppler law, coverage area, Doppler effect 2.3 Tracking, telemetry and Command control 2.4 Attitude subsystem 2.5 Launching orbits (polar, inclined, equatorial, LEO, MEO, GEO) 2.6 Power, Thermal Control 3. Microwave Link Budget budget (system noise, uplink, downlink, effects of 3.1 Link 3 Cross Rain) . 3.3 link 2 Interference 11/12/12

Course Contents 4. Space Segment (BUS Configuration and

4 Transponder model, Payload, Bus, subsystems) . 4 TT&C Satellite 1 Station keeping and TT&C . 4.3 Transponder 2 Space segment processing (frequency subsystem 4.4 translation) 5.Earth station Segment station 5.1 Earth configurationTelemetry & Command (TT&C) ground 5.2 Tracking facility 5.3 FECC, Direct broadcasting satellites TV systems, 5.4 Home LNB 6. Satellite Antennas 6.1 Corrugated Horn antenna, Double reflector antennas. 6.2 Multifeed Offset Fed Parabolic Reflector. reflector for (multibeam radiation). 6.3 Shaped 6.4 Phased arrays. footprints and power levels 6.5 Earth (EIRP).

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Seminars: communication applications 1. Satellite Internet

Based. Broadcasting satellite 2. Direct services 3. Satellite mobile services (very Small aperture 4. VSATs satellites) sensing satellites 5. Remote +SAR 6. GPS Global positioning Satellite system 7. GMDSS, search and rescue(SAR), NOAA 8. Small Satellites communications for 9. Digital satellites 10. International Space Station (ISS) 1. Written Required: report with references. 2. Each subject should consider a specified sat as an example (30%) 3. Power point presentation (30%) student will be given a time to present his report to the 4. Every class 4. The45 min and 15 start fromdiscussion. in seminars will mins for the 8th 11/12/12 week.

Course Description: This course covers the most relevant aspects of satellite communications, with emphasis on the most recent applications and developments. The course begins with a review on the background and basic concepts of satellite communications. Next it covers the orbital aspects, with emphasis on the geostationary orbit. Satellite subsystems, launching methods, and on-board processing are also discussed. The design of a digital satellite link is discussed in detail, including link budgets, modulation, error control coding, baseband signaling theory, and multiple access methods. Frequency assignments and propagation aspects that affect the satellite link are then discussed. Antennas and earth station technology are presented, including the design of very small aperture terminals (VSATs). The course then covers non-geosynchronous orbits and their applications. Specific applications of satellites are also explored, including the global positioning system (GPS), satellites for mobile communication, and satellites for internet 11/12/12

Topics to be Covered: Introduction and Background Orbital Aspects and Launching Spacecraft Subsystems Link Budgets Modulation Multiple Access & On-Board Processing Coding Frequency & Propagation Aspects Earth Station Technology & VSATs Applications (GPS, Mobile, Internet, etc.) Non-Geosynchronous Orbits (NGSO)

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Introduction
Types of satellite services satellite service 1. Fixed
(FSS)Links for existing telephone networks Transmitting TV signals to cable companies. 2. Broadcasting Satellite Service (BSS) Direct to home (DTH) =Direct broadcasting satellites (DBS) 3. Mobile satellite service (MSS) Land mobile , maritime mobile and aeronautical mobile 4. Navigation satellite service (GPS) Global positioning system (S&R) 5. Meteorgolical satellite service (Weather Forecast) 6. Deep Space Satellites
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(FSS) Radio Relay station in space

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Deep Space Satellites

BS S

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Advantages of satellite communications

1. Mobile/Wireless Communication, independent of location 2. Wide area coverage:country,continent, or globe 3. Wide bandwidth available throughout 4. Independence from terrestrial infrastructure 5. Rapid installation of ground network cost per added 6. Low siteUniform service 7. characteristics from a single 8. Total service provider Fading margin 9. Small (3dB)

Disadvantages of satellite communications

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1. High cost for satellite life time maximum of 15 2. Short years 3. Redundancy in component!

ITU Spectrum allocation and regions

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Frequency Spectrum concepts:

Frequency:Rateatwhichanelectromagnetic waverevertsits polarity(oscillates)incyclespersecondorH meters = Wavelength:distancebetweenwavefrontsin ertz (Hz). as: space.Givenin c/ Where:c=speedoflight(3x108 f m/sinvacuum) f=frequencyinHertz Frequencyband:rangeoffre quencies. Bandwidth:Sizeorwidth(inHertz)oraf Electromagnetic Spectrum: full extent of all requencyband. zerotoin frequencies from finity. 11/12/12

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Radio Frequencies RF Frequencies: Part of the electromagnetic (RF) spectrum

ranging between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. Interesting - Efficient generation of signal properties: power - Radiates into free space - Efficient reception at a different point. Differences depending on the RF frequency used: - Signal Bandwidth - Propagation effects (diffraction, noise, fading) - Antenna Sizes
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Microwave Sub Frequencies rangeoftheRFfrequenciesapproximately

from1GHz Lineofsightpropagation(spaceand to30GHz.Mainproperties:
atmosphere). Blockagebydensemedia(hills,bu ildings,rain) Widebandwidthscomparedtolowerfreq
uencybands.

Reducedefficiencyofpoweramplificationasfr RadioFrequencyPo equencygrows: DirectCurrentPo werOUT Compactantennas,directionalitypossible. werIN

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Frequency Spectrum concepts:

Frequency:Rateatwhichanelectromagnetic waverevertsits polarity(oscillates)incyclespersecondorH meters = Wavelength:distancebetweenwavefrontsin ertz (Hz). as: space.Givenin c/ Where:c=speedoflight(3x108 f m/sinvacuum) f=frequencyinHertz Frequencyband:rangeoffre quencies. Bandwidth:Sizeorwidth(inHertz)oraf Electromagnetic Spectrum: full extent of all requencyband. zerotoin frequencies from finity. 11/12/12

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Radio Frequencies RF Frequencies: Part of the electromagnetic (RF) spectrum

ranging between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. Interesting - Efficient generation of signal properties: power - Radiates into free space - Efficient reception at a different point. Differences depending on the RF frequency used: - Signal Bandwidth - Propagation effects (diffraction, noise, fading) - Antenna Sizes
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Microwave Sub Frequencies rangeoftheRFfrequenciesapproximately

from1GHz Lineofsightpropagation(spaceand to30GHz.Mainproperties:
atmosphere). Blockagebydensemedia(hills,bu ildings,rain) Widebandwidthscomparedtolowerfreq
uencybands.

Reducedefficiencyofpoweramplificationasfr RadioFrequencyPo equencygrows: DirectCurrentPo werOUT Compactantennas,directionalitypossible. werIN

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InternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU): Membersfrom practicallyallcountriesaroundtheworld.

Spectrum Regulation

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Allocatesfrequencybandsfordifferent purposesand distributethemaroundtheplanet. CreatesrulestolimitRFInterference(RFI)be tweencountries thatreusesameRFbands. Mediatesdisputesandcreatesrulestodea lwithharmful Meetsbi interferencewhenitoccurs. annuallywithitsmembers,toreviewrules and allocations:WorldRadioCommunicationConf TherearealsotheRegionalRadioCo Conferences(RCC),whichhappe erence(WRC). mmunication nlessoften.

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Radio Frequency Commonly Used Spectrum

Bands
V H 1 F 0
0

0 . 1

A M
1

H F
1 0

U HF

L S
1

SH F C X K K u a
1 0

V Q
1 0 0

M Hz

G Hz

Terrestrial Bands SharedBands Space (Terrestrial and Space)

2 1

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Space-Earth Frequency Usability

Resona nce frequenciesb elow 100GHz:

Atmospheric attenuation effects for SpacetoEarth as a function of frequency (clear air conditions). (a)Oxygen;(b)Watervapor.[Sourc e:ITU1988]

22.2GHz( 53.5 H20) 65.2GHz (Oxygen)

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SatelliteSystemsAppl ications

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Classical satellite systems

Mobile User Link (MUL) small cells (spotbeam s) base station or gateway IS DN PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network User data PSTN GSM Inter Satellite (IS Link L) Gateway Link (GWL)

M UL GWL

footpri nt

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1965 Bird 1968 III 1986 VI 2000 GEO

InitialapplicationofG EOSatellites: Telephony

Early Intelsat Intelsat Large 34 kg 240 telephone circuits 152 kg 1500 circuits 1,800 kg 33,000 circuits 3000 kg8 - 15 kW power payload 1,200 kg

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Broadcasting - mainly TV at present

DirecTV, PrimeStar, etc.

CurrentGEOSatelliteA pplications:

Point to Multi-point communications

VSAT, Video distribution for Cable TV Motient (former Mobile ServicesAmerican Mobile Satellite), INMARSAT, etc.

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SatelliteNavi gation: GPSandGLO GPS is a medium earth orbit (MEO) satellite system NASS
GPS satellites broadcast pulse trains with very A receiver able to see accurate time signals four GPS satellites calculate its position within 30 m anywhere in can world 24 satellites in clusters of four, 12 hour orbital period Every automobile and cellular You never need be lost again phone will eventually have a GPS location read-out
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Several new systems are just starting service Circular or inclined orbit with < 1400 km altitude Satellite travels across sky from horizon to horizon in - 15 5 minutes Earth stations must track satellite or have omnidirectional antennas Constellation of satellites is needed for continuous communication. Handoff needed.

LEOSatellitesin year2000

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