Group 08DT3

Group11: Ha Van Thanh Phan Van Dong Pham Minh Hoang Nguyen Van Long Nguyen Duy Khiem
www.themegallery.com
Phan Quoc Thang
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Pham Minh Nhut
Contents
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Introduction to satellite communication
Fundamental ground station Antenna technology Transmitter and Receiver station Frequency converter Tracking system VINASAT VSAT system
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1.Introduction to satellite communication

+A communications satellite is an orbiting articial earth satellite that receives a communications signal from a transmitting ground station, amplies and possibly processes it, then transmits it back to the earth for reception by one or more receiving ground stations +The communications satellite component as related to the transmission of information. Electronic information in the form of voice, data, video, imaging, etc., + Some of the advantages of satellite communications are: high capacity, Low Error Rates
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2.Fundamental ground station

2.1.Configuration and function of the ground station:
Ground station consist of communication equipment , earth transmission equipment, sourcer and control equipment. Communication equipment : Antenna
Feeder system
LNA (low noise amplifier) HPA(high power amplifier)
Tracking system
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Block diagram Communication equipment of the ground station

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Uplink(generator):Signal was put into the Multi Acess Equipment (MAE). Its modulated at Modulator and became intermediate frequency (IF) signal.Then,signals converted into a high frequency signal(RF radio frequency) at Up-Converter (U/C) such as C-band (6Ghz) or Ku-band(14Ghz) and put into the High Power Amplifier(HPA) order to have enough power and put into antenna before radiate to satellite. Downlink(receiver):Satellite signal was received at antenna of receiver station and its put into the Low Noise Amplifier(LNA).High frequency signal was converted into IF signal at Down-Converter (D/C).Then its demodulated at Demodulator and finally put into MAE Feeder system:coordinate impedance,reduce noise Tracking system: change Elvation and Azimuth angle order to controls and keeps the antenna pointing in the direction of the satellite in spite of the relative movement of the satellite and the station.
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2.2.Important technologies of the ground station: Antenna technology:Amplification factor ; perfomance and high radiation chart ; small side lobe;good bias properties;slow noise properties High power transmitter:High power amplification coefficient;bandwidth of the generator is enough wide; against Inter-modulation interference Low noise receiver:Slow noise properties;high amplification coefficient Echo control technology:limited echo;high transmission coefficient;errors control ability
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3.Antena technology
Prime focus feed : +Simplest structure +low cost +Use at receiver station and small station with low capacity +Low performance Cassesigrain feed: + Alows for shorter feedline +Gain is higher than prime focus feed Offset feed + Minimize feed blockage +Gain is higher than Cassesigrain feed
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4.Transmitter and receiver station

4.1.High power transmitter: Earth station terminals for satellite communication use high power amplifier (HPA) Therere two common model HPA: + All carrierre amplified by a single HPA +Every carriers amplified by a single HPA
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All carrierre amplified by a single HPA +Bandwidth must enough large
+Low reliability
+Configurations simple +Efficient use of the channels high +High stability (low current) +Intermodulation distortion +Need a reserved device
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Every carriers amplified by a single HPA +Dont require large bandwidth +No Intermodulation distortion +Complex configuration +Low stability +Use many device ,no economical
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4.2.Classification of high-power amplifier Travelling Wave Tube(TWT)
+Wide bandwidth +High power
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4.2.Classification of high-power amplifier Klystron (KLY):
+Narrow bandwidth +High power
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4.3.Reserved configuration of HPA: +In satellite communication,HPA always activity with high current and high voltage.It effect to reliability of system.Thus we use a reserved configuration such as figure: +Signal from the output of the Up-Converter (U/C) is shared equally by the Power divider.Then,its put into input of HPA1 and HPA2. +Signal from output of HPA1 is transmitted. +When HPA1 is broken, the switch will automatically connect the output of HPA2 to antenna.
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4.4.Low noise amplifier (LNA) Signal from satellites very weak (about -150dBW ) on high noise figure. At earth station,LNAs very important because it effect to quality of receiver signal. LNAs must amplify signal and dont reduce quality of signal LNAs effect to Quality Factor(G/T).A A-standards ground station of satellite communication must have G/T larger than 35dB/K Bandwidth of LNAs must enough wide order to contain all carrier from satellite LNA should be placed near receiver device order to reduce noise
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4.5.Noise figure: The noise figure of a system is defined as:
Noise figure of serial N amplifier:
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4.6.Types of LNAs: Parameter Amplifier: GaAs-FET Amplifier: High Electron Mobility Transistor(HEMT):
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4.7.Reserved configuration of LNA: +Both LNA1 and LNA2 are supplied voltage but only LNA is connected to input and connected to Down-Converter in the working state. +LNA2 s the ready-state.When LNA1 has problem, the switch will automatically connect the input to LNA2
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5. Frequency converter
5.1.Up Converter:
+The carier wave:
cos (0t + ) +The local oscillator : cos (et), (e> 0) +The signal at output of Mixer:
Filter:High pass band
1 / 2 [cos ((e - 0) t - ) + cos ((0 + e) t + ))]
+The frequency signal at output of Filter: u = 0 + e +If two step: u = e1 +0+ e2
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5. Frequency converter
5.2.Down Converter:
Filter:Low pass band + Frequency of signal at output:
0 = u- (e1 + e2)
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6.Tracking system
Satellite orbits:
Circular orbit
elliptical
equatorial orbit
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6.Tracking system
Satellite orbits:
Geostationary satellite Low Earth orbit Medium Earth orbit Highly Earth orbit
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6.Tracking system
The GSO is the dominant orbit used for communications satellites The satellite parameters that used for determine position of satellite are: d=range (distance) from the earth station (ES) to the satellite, in km Az =azimuth angle from the Earth Station to the satellite, in degrees e =elevation angle from the Earth Station to the satellite, in degrees The azimuth and elevation angles are referred to as the look angles for the ES to the satellite.
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6.Tracking system
The input parameters required to determine the GSO parameters are: Le =earth station longitude, in degrees Ls =satellite longitude, in degrees e =earth station latitude, in degrees s =satellite latitude in degrees (assumed to be 0, i.e., inclination angle=0) H=earth station altitude above sea level, in km(H<<r) Equatorial Radius: Re =6378.14 km Geostationary Radius: r =42 164.17 km Geostationary Height (Altitude): hGSO =rs re =35 786 km Eccentricity of the earth: ee =0.08182
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6.Tracking system
Caculate elevation angle: +Angle at the center : o Differential longitude Le=Ls-Le cos o = cos.cos Le d = (r 2 Re2 2r. Re . cos o)
cos o tge Re r sin o
Caculate Azimuth angle: an intermediate angle Ai is found from:
Ai arcsin
sin Le sin o
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6.Tracking system
+The azimuth angle Az is determined from the intermediate angle Ai from one of four possible conditions, based on the relative location of the earth station and the subsatellite point on the surface earth
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6.Tracking system
A number of techniques: Mono-pulse tracking Step tracking Program tracking Human tracking
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7.VietNamese Satellite(VINASAT-1)
7.1.Overview:
Vinasat-1
Vinasat-2
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7.1.Overview:
Vinasat-1 is the first Vietnamese satellite to be placed in orbit The satellite project, worth around US$300 million dollars This project is politically, economically and socially important It was launched at 22:17 GMT on 18 April 2008, by an Ariane 5ECA rocket from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou An Ariane 5 rocket successfully deployed the two satellites for Brazil and Vietnam.Thosere Vinasat-1 and Star Once C2 Four years after launching its first satellite, Vinasat-1 in 2008, Vietnam blasted into higher orbit with the successful launch of its second satellite Vinasat-2, weighing 2,969 kg and costing US$260-280 million, was flown into orbit by Arianespaces Ariane-5 ECA rocket which is the most powerful version of the Ariane-5 launchers. The lift off was from the European spaceport in French Guiana, Kourou.
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7.VietNamese Satellite(VINASAT)
7.2.Vinasat-1:
Specification: Orbit location: 132E; distance from the earth station (ES) to the satellite is 35.768 km Lifespan: 15-20 years Manufacturer : Lockheed Martin A2100 Ground station location :Que Duong (PCF) and Binh Duong (BCF) Height of Vinasat-1 : 4m ; weight of Vinasat-1 about 2.7 tons Vinasat-1 has 12 Ku band transponders and 8 C band transponders.
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Extended C-band coverage: 8 extended C-band transponders Uplink: TX: 6.427-6.725MHz Polarization :Vertical,Horizontal Downlink: RX: 3.400-3.700MHz Polarization :Vertical,Horizontal Coverage location: Vietnam, Asian, China, Korea, India, Japan and Australia
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KU-band coverage: 12 KU-band transponders Uplink: TX: 13.750-14.500MHz Polarization :Vertical Downlink: RX: 10.950-11.700MHz Polarization :Horizontal Coverage location: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and part of Myanmar
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7.3.Ground station of Vinasat-1:
Control system was designed with high reliability and readiness is 99.9% so that the satellite is stable on orbit location 132*E Vinassat-1 has two ground station.The main station is at Que Duong,Ha Tay and the backup station is at Binh Duong Que Duong station: Location: +longitude:105*41 + latitude:21*05
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7.3.Ground station of Vinasat-1:
Facilities: +Real-Time System; +Command Encryptio; +FlightDynamicsSystem; +Monitor & Control System +Training System +Dynamic Spacecraft Simulator (in PCF) +Intercom System; +Spacecraft Telemetry Simulator; +RF Equipment; +Limited-Motion Antenna +Test Equipmen
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7.4.Service and application:
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7.4.Service and application: Transponder Leasing
Provide to customer for using DTH, CATV Distribution, VSAT, etc. VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) Ideal for remote areas;Broadband internet access;GSM Trunking, PSTN Private leased Circuits Teleport Services Useful to send high quality TV signal to Customers branches using MPEG-2 streams Private Leased Circuits SNG (Satellite News Gather) News gathering, events show Emergent TV broadcasting Contribution links Contribution links, Cable TV feeds (Program Provider-> Multiple Station Operators) Direct To Home (DTH) Direct broadcast high quality digital contents to subscribers with DBS antennas and receivers
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8.VSAT system
Vsat: (very small aperture terminal) is ground stations which have aperture angle very small to receive satellite signals. It is a satellite communications system that serves home and business users. It is a two-way satellite ground station or a stabilized maritime Vsat antenna with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range frop 75 cm to 1.2 m. Data rates typically range from 56 kbit/s up to 4 Mbit/s.
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VSAT network
Reliability in transmission of data (data, voice, video) Allocation of resources to different users (bandwidth, amplification power) Fixed network solutions at reasonable price Provide point-to-multipoint (broadcast), multipoint-to-point (data collection), point-to-point communications and broadband multimedia services. Serviced in land area which are difficult to install (remote locations ,water areas). An ability to have direct access to users and user premises.
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Advantages of VSAT technology

Today's networks must support the need to improve customer service, increase per site revenues and reduce costs (all driving net income growth) - in the most cost-effective manner possible. So network managers can choose VSAT because of: Cost-effective Flexibility Accessibility Availability Reliability Versatility Transmission quality High network performance Fast transmissions Ability to handle large amounts of data Ability to handle Voice, Video and Data www.themegallery.com LOGO
Configrutions
A star topology, using a central uplink site, such as a network operations center (NOC), to transport data back and forth to each VSAT terminal via satellite. A mesh topology, where each VSAT terminal relays data via satellite to another terminal by acting as a hub, minimizing the need for a centralized uplink site. A combination of both star and mesh topologies. Some VSAT networks are configured by having several centralized uplink sites (and VSAT terminals stemming from it) connected in a multi-star topology with each star (and each terminal in each star) connected to each other in a mesh topology.
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Star-shaped VSAT network

The hub station has a larger antenna size than that of a VSAT, say 4 m to 11 m, resulting in a higher gain than that of a typical VSAT antenna and is equipped with a more powerful transmitter.
These stations receive signals directly from satellites and communicate with each other through the Hub station.
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Mesh-shaped VSAT network

These stations receive and communicate each other through communicative satellites. A hub station in a mesh network performs only the monitoring and control functions.
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Star-Mesh-shaped VSAT network

This topology VSAT network allows a part of the network operates on a star topology while some sites operate on a mesh topology. Result increase capacity lines and decrease costs without Hub station.
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VSAT applications
Business applications Business continuity and disaster recovery Office IP-VPN: connect a remote office to your intra-company IP-VPN network Rural area broadband and telephony SCADA systems Telemedicine Video conferencing Video monitoring and surveillance Government applications Emergency Management via satcom-on-the-move (SOTM) Military communications-on-the-move (COTM)
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Group11: Ha Van Thanh Phan Van Dong Pham Minh Hoang Nguyen Van Long Nguyen Duy Khiem

Phan Quoc Thang

Pham Minh Nhut

1.Introduction to satellite communication

2.Fundamental ground station

2.Fundamental ground station

Block diagram Communication equipment of the ground station

2.Fundamental ground station

2.Fundamental ground station

4.Transmitter and receiver station

4.Transmitter and receiver station

4.Transmitter and receiver station

4.Transmitter and receiver station

+Wide bandwidth +High power

4.Transmitter and receiver station

+Narrow bandwidth +High power

4.Transmitter and receiver station

4.Transmitter and receiver station

4.Transmitter and receiver station

Noise figure of serial N amplifier:

4.Transmitter and receiver station

4.Transmitter and receiver station

Filter:High pass band

1 / 2 [cos ((e - 0) t - ) + cos ((0 + e) t + ))]

+The frequency signal at output of Filter: u = 0 + e +If two step: u = e1 +0+ e2

Filter:Low pass band + Frequency of signal at output:

Caculate Azimuth angle: an intermediate angle Ai is found from:

Advantages of VSAT technology

Star-shaped VSAT network

Mesh-shaped VSAT network

Star-Mesh-shaped VSAT network

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