Solids and Fluids

RECALL

Three Phases of Matter

Solids and Fluids

Solids VS Fluids
Solids and Liquids are sometimes called condensed matter. Solids made up of particles called atoms that are held rigidly together by intermolecular forces. Real solid bodies are not absolutely rigid and can be elastically determined by external forces.

Solids VS Fluids
Fluids a substance that can flow; liquids and gases qualify, but solids do not. Have little or no elastic response to force a force merely causes an unconfined fluid to flow.

Stress is a measure of the force causing a deformation.

Where: F the magnitude of the applied force normal (perpendicular). A cross-sectional area. Qualitatively defined as the applied force per unit cross-sectional area.

The force applied to the ends of a rod

Tensile Stress an elongating tension. Compressed Stress a shortening tension.

Strain is a relative measure of the deformation a stress causes

Where:

- change in length. - original length

Elastic Modulus The constant of proportionality, which depends on the nature of the material.

Three Types of Elastic Moduli

1. Youngs Modulus Change in Length 2. Shear Modulus Change in Shape 3. Bulk Modulus Change in Volume

Youngs Modulo

Stress versus strain

Elastic Moduli for Variation Various Materials (in N/m2) Substance Youngs Module (Y) 7.0 x 1010 Shear Modulus (S) Solids Aluminum 2.5 x 1010 7.0 x 1010 7.5 x 1010 12 x 1010 40 x 1010 12 x 1010 15 x 1010 1.0 x 1010 4.5 x 1010 26 x 1010 2.2 x 1010 Bulk Modulus (B)

Bone (limb)
Brass Copper Glass Iron Steel Alcohol, ethyl Glycerin Mercury Water

1.5 x 1010
9.0 x 1010 11 x 1010 5.7 x 1010 15 x 1010 20 x 1010 Liquids

8.0 x 1010
3.5 x 1010 3.8 x 1010 2.4 x 1010 6.0 x 1010 8.2 x 1010

Youngs Modulu (Y) The elastic modulus for a tension or compression.

Shear Modulus

In shear modulus, the deformation is due to an applied force that is tangential to the surface area. A change results without a change in volume.

Bulk Modulus

In Bulk Modulus, a force is directed inward acts over the entire surface of a body. Such a volume stress is often applied by pressure transmitted by a fluid. An elastic material will be compressed by a volume stress.

Gases have bulk moduli too, since they can be compressed. For a gas, it is common to talk about the reciprocal of the bulk modulus, which is called compressibility (k).

The change in volume is thus directly proportional to the compressibility k.

Solids and liquids are relatively incompressible and have small values of compressibility. Conversely, gases are easily compressed and have large compressibilities, which vary with pressure and temperature.

Examples

Example 1. The femur (upper leg bone) is the longest and strongest bone in the body. Taking a typical femur to be approximately circular with a radius of 2.0 cm, how much force would be required to extend the bone by 0.10%

Example 2. By how much should the pressure on a liter of water be changed to compress it by 0.10%

Thank You !!