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Science Report
GROUP 5 :] Dwayne Cabel, Patricia Dayrit, Gio Lim, JM Fernandez, Matthew Lim

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Monsoons
Report of Gio Lim and JM Fernandez

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Monsoons
Warm air over land rises.
Sea breeze moves inland. Cumuli develop aloft and move. Upper level return land breeze. Cool air aloft sinks over water. Sea breeze (meso-cold) front.
Meso-cold means intermediate cold. Wherein meso is a prefix than means middle or intermediate. Aloft means to a great height

Cool air over land sinks.

Land breeze moves out of water. Relatively warmer water heats air which then rises. Upper level return sea breeze. Cool air over land sinks.

Philippine Monsoons
AMIHAN HABAGAT

December to February Blows from northeast

June to September Blows from southwest

Cold winds from Siberia and Mongolia

Abundant rain

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This is a sample of a monsoon cartoon.

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Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea. Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonallychanging pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. Monsoons are large-scale sea breezes which occur when the temperature on land is significantly warmer or cooler than the temperature of the ocean.

During warmer months sunlight heats the surfaces of both the land and the oceans, but the land temperature rises faster. Since the land's surface is warm, the gases expand and an area of low pressure develops. Since the ocean is at a more moderate temperature, it retains a higher pressure than on land. This pressure difference causes sea breezes to blow from the ocean to land, bringing moist air. To complete the cycle, air rises to a higher altitude over land and then flows back toward the ocean. However, upon rising (and while still over land) the air cools, which decreases its ability to hold water, causing precipitation over land. This is the reason why summer monsoons cause a large amount of rain over land. In colder month, the cycle is reversed. Since the land cools more quickly than the oceans then the air over land has higher pressure, thereby causing sea breezes at the surface which flow from land to the ocean. When humid air rises over the ocean (to complete the cycle), it begins to cool, causing precipitation over the oceans.

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Summer Monsoon weather is characterized by a strong, generally West or southwest breeze that is responsible for bringing significant rainfall to the Asian subcontinent and to South and East Asia. The significant southwest monsoon rainfall is a by-product of air passing over large areas of warm equatorial ocean, stimulating increased levels of evaporation from the ocean's surface; the southwest monsoon air, now laden with water vapour, cools as it moves north and as it rises over land; at some point the air is no longer able retain its moisture and precipitates copious volumes to irrigate rice fields and drench rainforests, sometimes causing severe flooding below hillsides that have been stripped of forest cover. The Summer Monsoon (West or southwest) is the predominant weather pattern from late April through to early October each year, throughout most Asian tropical destinations. Winter Monsoon weather features a generally less strong, East or northeast breeze that is cool and dry (compared to the Summer Monsoon weather) with prolonged periods of successive cloudless days. The Winter Monsoon (North or northeast) features cool and dry air that originates in a vast anticyclone - a weather system with a high barometric pressure which forms over Siberia, Mongolia and northern China during each northern winter. The Winter Monsoon air from the anticyclone pushes outward in a clockwise motion from its centre and competes with the Summer Monsoon over a period of a week or two, usually starting in late September and early October, before finally dominating the weather with a cooler and drier northeast monsoon, in most Asian tropical and sub-tropical destinations, through to the following April.

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Weather Forecasting
Report of Matthew Lim and Patricia Dayrit

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Weather Forecasting
Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a given location. Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since the nineteenth century. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve.

How do they do Weather Forecasting? As we all know, a weather forecast is only a scientific estimate of weather for the next 24 hours. It can be done through the help of weathermen and meteorologists, with the use of data gathered by satellites, computers and radars.

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Weather Instruments
(Sub Part)

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Anemometer
Anemometers measures the speed of the wind

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Wind Vane
Wind Vanes determine the direction of the wind.

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Hygrometer
Hygrometers measures the relative humidity of air.

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Aneroid Barometer
Aneroid Barometers measure air pressure.

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Radiosonde
Radiosonde measures or determines the weather conditions in upper atmosphere.

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Radar
Radar tracks the path of a typhoon.

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Computer
Computers are used to generate weather maps.

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Rain Gauge
The Rain Gauge measures the amount of rainfall.

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Weather Satellite
The Weather Satellite monitors weather conditions from outer space.

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Weather Disturbances
Report of Dwayne Cabel

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Weather Disturbances
Tropical Cyclone Low Pressure Area

Hurricanes
Typhoons Storms Extra-tropical disturbance Sub-tropical disturbance Zone of disturbed weather Tropical wave Tropical disturbance Tropical depression

Moderate tropical storm

Severe tropical storm A weather disturbance is a general term that describes any pulse of energy moving through the atmosphere. They are important in that they can act as focusing mechanisms for storm formation, or even to intensify low pressure systems. To be more technical, they are typically mid or upper atmospheric troughs of low pressure that are embedded in the general wind flow of the atmosphere.

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Weather Disturbances
Tropical Cyclone is a weather disturbance with a low pressure and strong winds blowing counterclockwise toward the center.

Hurricane A tropical cyclone in the western hemisphere.

Typhoon A tropical cyclone in the eastern hemisphere. Tropical Depression When the center of the cyclone does not exceed 63kmph, the weather disturbance is called a tropical depression. Tropical Storm When the center of the cyclone increases speed from 63 to 117kmph, it intensifies into a tropical storm. Cyclone, typhoon and hurricane are all just different names for the same basic weather phenomenon. They are all powerful, spinning storms collectively called tropical cyclones, which form over warm tropical waters and reach sustained internal wind speeds of 74 mph. Hurricanes start in the Atlantic, Caribbean and northeast Pacific, while typhoons form in the western Pacific and southeastern Indian Ocean. If one of these monsters develops in certain parts of the Indian Ocean or part of the southwest Pacific Ocean, it goes by one of three variations of the generic term cyclone. The storms are named according to seasonal lists kept by their respective basin's monitoring body.

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Precautionary Measures for Typhoons Before

1. Check the roofs, windows doors and chimneys for any leaks or weak parts and repair them before rainy season comes.
2. Reinforce posts and walls that are weak. 3. Cut all branches of trees around your house that could be a cause of damage to your house. 4. Check all electrical wiring if they are safe. 5. Stock up an adequate supply of all consumables such as rice, canned foods and all kinds of food that could last for a few days. 6. Stock up sufficient supply of drinking water and water for other purposes. 7. Be ready for flashlights, batteries and other lighting materials. 8. Prepare a radio and batteries for listening to news.

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Precautionary Measures for Typhoons Before

9. Teach the children on what to do during typhoon.
10. Pack a bag with clothes that you can use in case of evacuation. 11. Clean all water drainage and canals.

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Precautionary Measures for Typhoons During

1. Always listen to he latest news about the typhoon.
2. Do not leave your house if you are sure that it is safe. 3. If you are outdoors stay away from electric posts and wires. 4. Avoid low-lying areas that are prone to floods. 5. Be ready to evacuate if needed. 6. Do not leave the evacuation center unless you are told to do. 7. Leave your house as soon as you feel that you are not safe. 8. Boil drinking water or be ready for bottled drinks. 9. Do not go out if there are no important errands. It is safer to stay at home during typhoon.

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Precautionary Measures for Typhoons After

1. Inspect all electrical wiring and water pipes for any damages and get the experts to repair them.
2. Use slippers to protect your feet from any sharp objects that may have fallen. 3. Stay away from electrical wires that have fallen. 4. Repair any damages in the house. 5. Boil your drinking water to make sure you are drinking safe water.

6. Stay away from flood waters because they can cause water borne diseases.
7. Clear everything that the typhoon has caused.

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Precautionary Measures for Typhoons After

1. Inspect all electrical wiring and water pipes for any damages and get the experts to repair them.
2. Use slippers to protect your feet from any sharp objects that may have fallen. 3. Stay away from electrical wires that have fallen. 4. Repair any damages in the house. 5. Boil your drinking water to make sure you are drinking safe water.

6. Stay away from flood waters because they can cause water borne diseases.
7. Clear everything that the typhoon has caused.

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Precautionary Measures for Floods During

1. Move to a safer ground.
2. Take basic necessities such as food, water, extra clothes, medicines, and lighting materials such as flashlights, spare batteries, candles, and matches. 3. Beware of open electrical cables that can electrocute when these come in contact with water.

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Precautionary Measures for Landslides During

1. Move to a safer area. Wear protective clothing as you move to the evacuation site.
2. As you move away from the danger zone, be on the lookout for mud or boulders rolling down from a higher place. 3. Bring food, water, medicines, and extra clothes to the evacuation site. 4. Wait for announcements from authorities as to whether it is safe to return home or not.

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Precautionary Measures for Sea Surges During

1. Move to a safer ground.
2. Put on protective clothing during evacuation. 3. Examine your house structure for any necessary reinforcement before leaving it. Strong winds and waves can tear your house apart. 4. Make sure you have enough storage of food, water, medicines, and clothes to carry you on going to the evacuation site. 5. Watch out of announcements and instructions from authorities.

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Comments? Suggestions?
If you would like to comment or suggest important notes, we are willing to accept all your opinions.

Before we end this report, here are some important points and notes and some other additional lectures.

Other Phenomena Related to Atmospheric Changes

Report of Patricia Dayrit

Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect refers to circumstances where the short wavelengths of visible light from the sun pass through a transparent medium and are absorbed, but the longer wavelengths of the infrared reradiation from the heated objects are unable to pass through that medium. The trapping of the long wavelength radiation leads to more heating and a higher resultant temperature. Besides the heating of an automobile by sunlight through the windshield and the namesake example of heating the greenhouse by sunlight passing through sealed, transparent windows, the greenhouse effect has been widely used to describe the trapping of excess heat by the rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide strongly absorbs infrared and does not allow as much of it to escape into space.
Infrared Radiation - Astronomers have found that infrared radiation is especially useful when trying to probe areas of our universe that are surrounded by clouds of gas and dust. Because of infrared's longer wavelength, it can pass right through these clouds and reveal details invisible by observing other types of radiation. Especially interesting are areas were stars and planets are forming and the cores of galaxies where it is believed huge black holes might reside.

Global Warming
Is a heightened greenhouse effect. An increase in the earths temperature caused by too much greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Effects:
1. Unusually warm weather 2. Ocean warming, Sea-level rise, Coastal flooding 3. Glacier melting 4. Arctic and Antarctic warming 5. Spreading disease 6. Early spring arrival 7. Plant and animal range shifts 8. Change of population 9. Coral reef bleaching 10. Downpours, Heavy snowfalls, Flooding 11. Droughts and Forest fires

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Have a nice day. Here is a nice overview for what we have talked about.