CHAPTER 18Reporter: Jessica Dino May Ann Borgonia

AIR POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION --- IS THE INTRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS, PARTICULATE MATTER, OR

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS THAT CAUSE HARM OR DISCOMFORT TO HUMANS OR OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS, OR CAUSE

DAMAGE TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OR BUILT ENVIRONMENT, INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.

ATMOSPHERE A COMPLEX DYNAMIC

NATURAL GASEOUS SYSTEM THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO SUPPORT LIFE ON PLANET EARTH. STRATOSPHERE OZONE DEPLETION DUE TO AIR POLLUTION HAS LONG BEEN RECOGNIZED AS A THREAT TO HUMAN.

POLLUTANTS -- A SUBSTANCE IN THE AIR

THAT CAN CAUSE HARM TO HUMANS AND ENVIRONMENT IS KNOWN AS AN AIR POLLUTION. -- CAN BE IN THE FORM OF SOLID PARTICLES, LIQUID DROPLETS, OR GASES. THEY MAY BE NATURAL OR MAN MADE. -- CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTS.

AIR POLLUTANT CLASSIFICATIONS:

Primary pollutants- directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released fr4om factories. Example: Sulfur oxides(SOx)- especially sulfur dioxide a chemical compound with the formula SO2.SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. - coal and petroleum often contain sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2,usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2,forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain. This is one of the causes for over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels a power sources.
1.

 Nitrogen

oxides(NOx)- especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted fron high temperature combustion, and are also produced naturally during thunderstorm by electrical discharged. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. this reddish-brown toxic gas a characteristic sharp, biting odor. Carbon monoxide(CO)- colorless, odorless, nonirritating but very poisonous gas. A product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.

Carbon dioxide(CO2)- a colorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas also associated with ocean acidification, emitted from sources such as combustion, cement production and respiration. Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)- an important outdoor air pollutant. - often divided into separate categories of Methane(CH4) and non-methane(NMVOCs). Methane is extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contribute global warming. Particulate matter(PM)- also called particulate or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended gas. Aerosol refers to particles and gas together. Sources of particulate can be man made or natural.

 Persistent

free radicals- connected to airborne fine particles could cause pulmonary disease. Toxic metals such as lead, cadmium and copper. Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)- harmful to the ozone layer emitted from product currently banned from use. Ammonia(NH3)- emitted from agricultural process. A compound with the formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Odors- such as from garbage, sewage and industrial process. Radioactive pollutants- produced by nuclear explotions,nuclear events, war explosives and natural processes such as radioactive decay of radon.

2. Secondary pollutants- are not emitted directly. They form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. Smog- a kind of air pollution; it is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Ground level ozone(O3)- formed from NOx and VOCs. A key constituent of the troposphere of certain regions commonly known as ozone layer. Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and night. Peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN)- similarly form from N0xand VOCs.

MINOR AIR POLLUTANTS:

Persistent

organic pollutants(POPs)- are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological and photolytic processes. They have been observe to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulation in human and animal tissue, biomagnified in food chains, and to have potential significant impacts on human health and environment.

SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION:

1. Anthropogenic sources(human activity) a. Stationary sources- includes smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities(factories) and waste incinerators, furnaces and other types of fuel burning heating devices. b. Mobile sources- includes motor vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft and the effect of sounds etc. 2. Natural sources a. Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation. b. Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals. c. Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earths crust. Colorless , odorless naturally occurring radioactive noble gas that is formed from the decay of radium.

d. Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires- vegetation, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amount is of VOCs on the warmer days. These VOCs anthropogenic pollutantsspecially, NOx, SO2, and anthropogenic organic carbon compounds to produce a seasonal haze of secondary pollutants. e. Volcanic activity- which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates.

HEALTH EFFECTS
1. Cardiopulmonary disease linked to breathing fine particle air pollution. 2. Pneumonia related to deaths and air pollution from motor vehicles. 3. Air pollution emerged the risk factor for stroke and also associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary artery disease. 4. Cystic fibrosis patients already suffer from decrease lung function, everyday pollutants such as smoke, emission from automobiles, tobacco smoke and improper use of indoor heating devices could further compromise lung function.

5. Bronchitis is a persistent inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles( large and small airways in the lung) that causes a painful cough and involuntary muscle spasms that constrict airways. 6. Emphysema was severe bronchitis irreversible obstructive lung disease in which airways become permanently constricted and alveoli are damage or even destroyed.

PLANT PATHOLOGY:
1. Copper-nickel smelter air pollution effects on vegetation and ecosystems. Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid released by this processed caused massive destruction of the plant community within about 30km 0f the smelter. Two Probable Ways that Air Pollutants Damage Plants: 1. Directly toxic, damaging sensitive cell membrane much as irritants do in human lungs. Few days of exposure to toxic levels of oxidants, mottling(discoloration) occurs in leaves due to chlorosis(bleaching of chlorophyll), and then necrotic( dead) spots develop. If injury is severe, the whole plant maybe killed.

2. Mechanism of action is exhibited by chemicals, such ethylene, that act as metabolic regulators or plant hormones and disrupt normal patterns of growth and development Ethylene is a component of automobile exhaust and is released from petroleum refineries and chemical plants. -- combinations of this environmental factors have synergistic effects in which the injury caused by to each factor individually. Acid precipitation- the deposition of wet acidic solutions or dry acidic particles from the air. -- atmospheric acids could be transported long distances by wind currents.

PH AND ATMOSPHERIC

ACIDITY Acidity is being describe in terms of pH the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. -- Acid rain is only one form in which acid disposition occurs.

AQUATIC EFFECTS:
Reproduction is the most sensitive stage in fish life cycles. Eggs and fry of many species are killed when the pH drops to about 5.0. level of acidification also can disrupt the food chain by killing aquatic plants, insects and invertebrates on which fish depend for food. at pH levels below 5.o, adult fish die as well. Trout, salmon and their other game fish are usually the most sensitive. Carp,gar,suckers, and other less desirable fish are more resistant. another dangerous(for us as well as fish) is that acid water leaches toxic metals, such as mercury and aluminum, out of soil and rocks. there are several ways acids kill fish. Acidity alters body chemistry , destroys gills and prevents oxygen

FOREST DAMAGE:
Atmospheric acids are thought to be leading causes of forest destruction in many areas. Forest soils have become depleted of natural buffering reserves of basic cations such as calcium and magnesium through years of exposure to acid rain. Replacement of these cations by hydrogen and aluminum ions seems to be one of the main causes of plant mortality. Over fertilization by nitrogen compounds may make trees sensitive to frost. Toxic metals, such as aluminum, may be solubilized by acidic ground water.

LAWS AND POLICIES- AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT: Republic Act No. 8749: Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 -- this act shall be known as the : Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. -Declaration of the Principle: The state shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. The state shall promote and protect the global environment to attain sustainable development while recognizing the primary responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems.

THANK YOU!! GOD BLESS