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BY . PRASAD JADHAV
much two variables change together and how strong the relationship is
between them..
ANCOVA is really ANOVA with covariates" or, more simply, a combination of ANOVA and regression used when you have some categorical factors and some quantitative predictors.
By using this technique, we try to partial out the side effects if any on our study due to lack of exercise proper experimental control over the intervening variables, after having conducted the actual study of covariance.
The method of analysis of covariance requires some basic assumptions for its application. 1. The dependent variable which is under measurement should be normally distributed in the population. 2. The treatment groups should be selected at random from the same population. 3. Within-groups variances must be approximately equal 4. The regression of the final socres (Y) on initial scores (X) Should be basically the same in all groups 5. There should exist a linear relationship between X & Y.
Use this data to compare the relative effectiveness of the treatments given to the groups
Solution.
There were many observable differences amongst the initial scores of the three groups, but no attempt was made to make these groups as equivalent groups at the start of the study, i.e .before subjecting these to different treatments. In absence of such an experimental control, the researcher was forced to exercise statistical control by applying the technique of analysis of covariance. The procedure may be understood through computation . Let us begin with arranging the given data .
5
2 1 S U M M S
6
4 4
30
8 4
25
4 1
36
16 16
7
4 5
9
7 6
63
28 30
49
16 25
81
49 36
10
12 12
11
12 15
110
144 180
100
144 144
121
144 225
15
25
81
55
129
30
35
215
190
255
50
55
569
518
635
10
11
STEP 1.
95 x 95
15
601.67
115 x 115
=
881.67
15
iii. Cxy = X Y
=
95 x 115
=
728.33
15
STEP 2.
STEP 3.
X21
N1
X22
N2
X23
N3
-Cx
15 2 + 30 2 + 50 2
5
- 601.67
123.33
y 21
N1
y 22
N2
y 23
N3
-Cy
25 2 + 35 2 + 55 2
5
- 881.67
93.33
x 2y 2 +
N2
x 3y 3
N3
- Cxy
15x25 +30x35 + 50 x 55
5
=
- 728.33
106.67
STEP 4
STEP 5
STEP 6
Source Df of variation
123.33
93.33
38 161.33
44 137.33
Mean square variance of among-groups (for x) Fx = = Mean square variance of within-groups 61.66 3.17 Mean square variance of among-groups (for y) Fy = Mean square variance of within-groups 46.66 = 12.71 = 19.45
3.67
Where Fx = F ratio for X Scores Fy= F Ratio for Y Scores
From Table R of the Appendix for df (2, 12), We can have the critical value of F At 0.05 level = 3.88 and at 0.01 level = 6.93
Computation of adjusted sum of squares (SS for y i.e. SS for x) The initial differences in the groups X scores may cause variablility in their final scores measured after giving treatment. It needs to be checked and controlled. For this purpose, necessary adjustments are made in various sum of squares (SS) for Y by using the following general formula.
STEP 7
Rule : If Fx is significant the H0 is to be rejected showing that initially groups were different. Hence covariance is needed. If not significant we can have only analysis of variance. The computed value of of F for X scores is significant at both the levels, and similar is the case with the computed F for Y Scores. Hence H0 for X Scores as well as Y scores are rejected, leading to the conclusion that (i) There is significant difference in intial (X) Scores and (ii) there are significant difference in final (Y) Scores
= SS YX= Ssy (SS xy)2 SSx
(Here SSyx stands for the sum of squares of Y adjusted for X difference.)
The Specific adjusted SS for Y May be computed as follows : (a)Adjusted Sum of squares for total , i.e.,
SSYx (Total) = SSy Total (SS xy)2 total SSx (136.67)2 161.33
= 137.33-
= 44 23.68= 20.32
STEP 8
df
SSx
SSy
SSxy
SSyx
Sdyx
123.33
93.33
106.67
0.44
11* 13
38 161.33
44 137.33
30 136.67
20.32 20.76
=1.32
(
Fyx = Vyx (among) Vyx (within)
= 0. 22 1.76
=0.125
From Table R of the appendix for df (2,11) Critical F at 0.05 level = 3.98 And Critical F at 0.01 level = 7.20 The computed value of F(Fyx) is not significant at both the levels. Hence H0 is to be accepted with the conclusion that groups do not different significantly after giving treatments . Hence out of the three treatments cannot be termed better than another.