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Antibiotics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Amoxicillin Cloxacillin Clindamycin Co-Amoxiclav Cefuroxime Ciprofloxacin
Antibiotics
Amoxicillin
MOA: inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell wall by binding to one or more of the PBPs, thus inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis resulting in cell wall lysis. AE: Hyperactivity, agitation, insomnia, dizziness; skin & hematological reactions; diarrhea, nausea, vomiting; Potentially Fatal: Neuromuscular hypersensitivity; pseudomembranous colitis. Prep: 250 or 500mg/cap, 100mg/ml drops, 125mg/5ml susp, 250mg/5ml susp
Antibiotics
Amoxicillin
Dose:
Children > 3 months of age up to 40 kg: 20-40 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours OR 25-45 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours Children > 40 kg & adults: 250-500 mg every 8 hours OR 500-875 mg every 12 hours
Antibiotics
Cloxacillin
MOA: binding to specific PBPs of the bacterial cell wall, inhibiting the third and last stage of cell wall synthesis. Resistant to degradation by penicillinases. It is particularly useful against penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Highly active against S aureus, S pyogenes, S viridans and S pneumoniae. AE: Neutropenia, agranulocytosis; GI upsets; rash. Sore mouth or tongue. Black hairy tongue. Potentially Fatal: Neuromuscular hypersensitivity; pseudomembranous colitis; anaphylaxis. Prep: 250 or 500mg/cap, 125mg/5ml susp D: 1 cap q6h, susp 50-100 mkd q6h
Antibiotics
Clindamycin
MOA: inhibits protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosomal thus blocking the transpeptidation or translocation reactions of susceptible organisms resulting to stunted cell growth. AE: Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain; erythema multiforme, contact dermatitis, exfoliative and vesiculous dermatitis, urticaria; eosinophilia; local irritation, thrombophloebitis. Potentially Fatal: Gasping syndrome (neonates); pseudomembranous colitis. Prep: 150 or 300mg/cap, palmitate HCl granules 75mg/5ml
Antibiotics
Clindamycin
Dose:
Children: 8-20 mg/kg/day in 3-4 divided doses as hydrochloride OR 8-25 mg/kg/day in 3-4 divided doses as palmitate Adults: 150-450 mg every 6 hours (maximum 1.8g/day)
Antibiotics
Co-amoxiclav
MOA: Amoxicillin: cell wall lysis; Clavulanic acid competitively and irreversibly inhibits a wide variety of beta-lactamases. By inactivating beta-lactamase, the accompanying penicillin/cephalosporin drugs may be made more potent as well. AE: Diarrhea, nausea & vomiting, skin rash & urticaria, vaginitis. Rarely, pseudomembranous enterocolitis, stomatitis & candidiasis, erythema multiforme & other skin effects. Hepatic, renal, hematologic or CNS effects.
Antibiotics
Co-amoxiclav
Prep: 156.25mg/5ml or 228.5mg/5ml or 312.5mg/5ml or 457mg/5ml susp, 1g or 375mg or 625mg tab Dose:
Children > 3 months of age up to 40 kg: 25-45 mg/kg/day in doses divided every 12 hours (Prescribe suspension or chewabletablet due to clavulanic acid component) Children > 40 kg & adults: 500-875 mg every 12 hours (Prescribe tablet)
Antibiotics
Cefuroxime
MOA: binds to one or more of the PBPs which inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell wall, thus inhibiting biosynthesis and arresting cell wall assembly resulting in bacterial cell death. AE: Large doses can cause cerebral irritation and convulsions; nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, GI disturbances; erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, epidermal necrolysis. Potentially Fatal: Anaphylaxis, nephrotoxicity, pseudomembranous colitis. Prep: 250 or 500 mg/tab, 125mg/5ml or 250mg/5ml susp
Antibiotics
Cefuroxime
Dose: 3 months to 12 years:
Suspension: 10 to 15 mg/kg orally twice a day (maximum dose 1000 mg/day) Tablets: 250 mg orally twice a day
13 years or older:
250 to 500 mg BID for 7-10 days
Antibiotics
Ciprofloxacin
MOA: Promotes breakage of double-stranded DNA in susceptible organisms and inhibits DNA gyrase, which is essential in reproduction of bacterial DNA. AE: Hypersensitivity & skin reactions. Anaphylaxis, serum sickness, toxic epidermal necrolysis. Prep: 250 or 500mg/tab D: 1-2 tabs BID
For Cough
1. 2. 3. 4. Carbocisteine Ambroxol Bromhexine Nafarin A
For Allergy
1. Loratidine 2. Levocetirizine 3. Hydroxyzine
For Allergy
Loratidine
MOA: a non-sedating antihistamine. It works by selectively binding to peripheral histamine H1 receptors on effector cells. AE: Fatigue, giddiness, dizziness, dry mouth, headache, nausea, somnolence. Prep: 10mg/tab, 5mg/5ml syr D: Adult: 10 mg OD Child: 2-5 yr: 5 mg OD. 6-12 yr: 10 mg OD
For Allergy
Levocetirizine
MOA: an active isomer of cetirizine, selectively inhibits histamine H1-receptors. AE: Fatigue, somnolence, dry mouth, nasopharyngitis, pyrexia, cough, epistaxis Prep: 5mg/tab D: Adult: 2.5-5 mg ODHS Child: 6-11 yr: 2.5 mg ODHS 12 yr: 2.5-5 mg ODHS
For Allergy
Hydroxyzine
MOA: blocks histamine H1-receptors on effector cells of the GI tract, blood vessels and respiratory tract; significant sedative properties. It also possesses skeletal muscle relaxing, bronchodilator, antiemetic and analgesic properties. AE: CNS depression, paradoxical CNS stimulation, dry mouth, thickened respiratory secretions, constipation, blurring of vision, tachycardia, GI disturbances, headache, hypotension, tinnitus. Prep: 2mg/ml syr, 10-25 mg/tab D: Adult: Initially, 25 mg ODHS to TID-QID Child: 6 mth-6 yr: 5-15 mg ODHS (max 50 mg/day) >6 yr: 15-25 mg/day (max 50-100 mg/day)
For Deworming
1. Mebendazole 2. Oxantel pamoate
For Deworming
Mebendazole
MOA: acts by destroying the cytoplasmic microtubules in the worm's intestinal cells. This blocks the uptake of glucose and other nutrients resulting in death of the helminth. AE: Transient diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, headache, tinnitus, numbness, fever and dizziness. Potentially Fatal: Myelosuppression (high doses). Prep:
Antiox: 100 or 500mg/tab; 20 or 50mg/ml susp Combantrin 125mg; 250mg/tab, 125mg/5mL susp
For Deworming
Mebendazole
Dose:
1-dose treatment
500 mg to be taken as a single dose
3-day treatment
100 mg or 5 mL bid given for 3 consecutive days 20 mg/mL susp 5 mL bid for 3 consecutive days. 50 mg/mL susp 10 mL in a single dose.
For Deworming
Oxantel pamoate
MOA: a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, which results in spastic paralysis of the worms. AE: Headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea Prep: Tablet or Susp D: 10-20mkdose as single dose