AP European History, CH 15

Chapter 15 Advanced Placement European History
11/20/2012
John 3:16
Overview of the Chapter

Growing secularism, declining religion Seventeenth century seen as turning point in modern state system
11/20/2012
John 3:16
Overview of the Chapter
United Christian Europe gives way to

Secular states Secular politics Secular
intellectualism
Religious wars gave religion less credibility
11/20/2012
John 3:16
Overview (cont)
A yearning for order Absolute monarchies, or absolutism, was a means to order

King Louis XIV
11/20/2012
John 3:16
Overview (cont)
King Louis XIV is seen as perfect example of absolutism

Said to love truth,
justice, order, and reason Also said to be vain
Absolute and limited monarchies were the two opposite poles of state building
11/20/2012
John 3:16
Overview-Two Poles of State Building

Western Europe France, best example Unquestionable control and power over all aspects of government
England Limited by representative assemblies Limited control and power over government
Absolute Monarchy
Limited Monarchy
11/20/2012
John 3:16
Economic conditions Population trends Temperature reduction War Famine Plague

11/20/2012 John 3:16 7
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions
Europe was facing financial decline

Fewer imports of silver
Across the board for all countries
Population increase
Warmer climate More food production First major recovery since Black Death of
mid 14th century
11/20/2012
John 3:16
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions

War, famine, and plague continued to effect populations Little Ice Age after mid 16th century limited harvests and caused famines All problems created social tensions peeking during the witchcraft craze
11/20/2012
John 3:16
The Witchcraft Craze
Hysteria effected Europeans in 16th and 17th centuries England, Scotland, Switzerland, Germany, France, New England (America)
11/20/2012
John 3:16
10
The Witchcraft Craze

Witchcraft part of villages for centuries Medieval churches began to link witches with the devilnot Biblically acceptable Enforcement turned over to secular authorities
11/20/2012
John 3:16
11
The Spread of Witchcraft
Increased numbers from 16th to 17th centuries Perhaps 100,000 people prosecuted Cities first then spread to rural areas
11/20/2012
John 3:16
12

Torture forced confession Incantations, special ointments, and powders to wreak havoc on neighbors were part of confessions
11/20/2012
John 3:16
13

Religious passions of Protestantism verses Catholicismone side accused the other of being in league with the devil Where controversies raged or where Protestantism was recently victorious
11/20/2012
John 3:16
14
Social conditions as major reason:

New economic ethic
self sufficiency More fearful of growing numbers of poor

Psychologically, the
poor became agents of the devil
11/20/2012
John 3:16
15

Old women thought to
sell potions and other remedies to survive were handy scapegoats Women seen as inferior-- becoming witches for pleasure seeking
11/20/2012
John 3:16
16

Women held in low esteem Judges were biased against women

Nicholas Remy
(judge), not unreasonable that this scum of humanity (witches) should be drawn chiefly from the feminine sex
11/20/2012
John 3:16
17
Most theologians, lawyers, and philosophers believed in early modern Europe believed in natural inferiority of women Found it plausible for women to be witches
11/20/2012
John 3:16
18
Decline of Witchcraft
Fewer magistrates willing to accept the divisive conditions of the trials People found it contrary to reason to accept the old view of a world haunted by spirits
11/20/2012
John 3:16
19
The Thirty Years War
The first half of the 17th century was plagued by crises A devastating war effected much of Europe Another war fomented by religious differences
11/20/2012
John 3:16
20

Called the last of the religious wars (1618-1648) Europe wide struggle Some historians consider it part of Bourbon (France) and Habsburg (Spain) and Holy Roman Empire struggles
11/20/2012
John 3:16
21
Peace of Augsburg ended religious warfare but Lutherans and Catholics continued to struggle for control of principalities
11/20/2012
John 3:16
22

Peace of Augsburg had not recognized rights of Calvinists Some German states had adopted Calvinism
11/20/2012
John 3:16
23
The Calvinist ruler of the Palatinate, Elector Palatine Frederick IV, formed the Protestant Uniona league of German Protestant states Duke Maximilian of Bavaria countered with the Catholic League
John 3:16 24
11/20/2012
The Thirty Yearss War
By 1609, Germany was dividing into two armed camps Anticipating religious war
11/20/2012
John 3:16
25

Exacerbated by constitutional issues Hapsburg emperors wanted to consolidate authority with Holy Roman Empire
Resisted by German princesconcerned about
German liberties
Hapsburg looked to Spain for help, ruled by another branch of the Hapsburg family German princes looked to France for help, the enemies of Spain
11/20/2012 John 3:16 26

The divisions in the Holy Roman Empire and Europe made almost inevitable that war would be widespread and tough to stop The war was generally divided into four phases
11/20/2012
John 3:16
27
The Bohemian Phase
11/20/2012
John 3:16
28
The Bohemian Phase

1618-1625 One of four phases Bohemian states soon became unhappy with Archduke Ferdinand
Many nobles were Calvinists Ferdinand was a Catholic He fostered re-Catholicizing Bohemia Wanted to strengthen royal power
11/20/2012
John 3:16
29
The Bohemian Phase

Bohemian states originally accept Hapsburg Archduke Ferdinand as king Ferdinand was Catholic, but many Bohemian nobles were Calvinists Ferdinand began to reprocess Catholicism and garner increased royal power
11/20/2012
John 3:16
30
The Bohemian Phase
Protestant nobles rebel in 1618

Threw two Hapsburg governors and a
secretary out the window of the royal castle in Prague The seat of the Bohemian government They survived the fall Catholics story: Intercession of Mary Protestants story: They fell into manure pile
11/20/2012
John 3:16
31
The Bohemian Phase
Bohemian rebels deposed Ferdinand

Elected Palatinate, Elector Frederick V, head of
Protestant Union Ferdinand, elected Holy Roman Emperor, refused to accept his disposition
The imperial forces (Ferdinand) defeated Frederick and the Bohemian nobles at the Battle of White Mountain
11/20/2012
John 3:16
32
The Bohemian Phase
Spanish troops go on to conquer the Palatinate Frederick flees into exile Contemporary Prague
11/20/2012
John 3:16
33
The Bohemian Phase (cont)

The Spanish took control of the western part of Platinategaining access route from Italy to Netherlandsrenewed attacks on the Dutch Maximilian took the rest of territory Ferdinand declared Bohemia a hereditary Habsburg possession and established Catholicism as sole religion
11/20/2012
John 3:16
34
The Bohemian Phase
Ferdinand confiscates land of Protestant nobles Spanish renew their attack on Dutch At this point, Catholicism seemed on the road to victory
11/20/2012
John 3:16
35
The Danish Phase
11/20/2012
John 3:16
36
The Danish Phase

The Second Phase, 1624-1629 King Christian IV of Denmark led an army into northern Germany Made anti-Catholic/Habsburg alliance with the United Provinces and England Christian wanted some Catholic territories in Northern Germany to benefit family
11/20/2012
John 3:16
37
The Danish Phase
Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian nobleman, defeated Protestants at Dessau

Wallenstein had won confidence of Ferdinand and had become
rich in the process

Christian IV defeated by Catholic League under Count Tilly Christian suffers even greater loss from Wallenstein the following year
Meant the end of Danish supremacy in the Baltic
11/20/2012
John 3:16
38
The Danish Phase (cont)
Imperial Ferdinand II at height of power

Issued Edict of Restitution
Prohibited Calvinist worship and restored
property taken by Protestant princes the past 75 years Dismissed Wallenstein because princes feared loss of independence
11/20/2012
John 3:16
39
The Swedish Phase
11/20/2012
John 3:16
40
The Swedish Phase

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, enters war 1630-1635 Military geniusbrought well trained and equipped army to northern Germany
Devout Lutheran who felt compelled to help
fellow Lutheran in Germany

Gustovus killed at Battle of Luten Swedes defeated at Battle of Nordlingen
11/20/2012
John 3:16
41
The Swedish Phase

Gustavuss forces initially swept into the heart of Germany Ferdinand recalled Wallenstein for help The Swedish forces prevail at the Battle of Lutzen, but Gustavus is killed Ferdinand has Wallenstein assassinated Swedes are defeated at the Battle of Nordlingen
11/20/2012
John 3:16
42
The Swedish Phase (cont)

Battle of Nordlingen guaranteed southern Germany remained Catholic Emperor agreed to annul Edict of Restitution to make peace with German princes Swedes wanted to continue French per Cardinal Richelieu enters war
11/20/2012
John 3:16
43
The Franco-Swedish Phase
11/20/2012
John 3:16
44

Religion begins to lose significance in the war Catholic French support Protestant Swedes against Catholic Habsburgs of Germany and Spain French defeat Spanish at Battle of Rocroi bringing an end to Spanish military greatness French defeat Bavarian armies All parties ready for peace and Thirty Years War ended by Peace of Westphalia in 1648
11/20/2012
John 3:16
45

War between France and Spain continued until the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) Spain had become second class power France emerged as the dominant nation of Europe
11/20/2012
John 3:16
46
Thirty Years War Outcomes

German states free to determine own religion Territory changes
France gained parts of west Germany and
control of Franco-German border Sweden and German states of Brandenburg and Bavaria gained some German territory
11/20/2012
John 3:16
47
Thirty Years War Outcomes

Habsburg emperor reduced to figurehead in Holy Roman Empire Three hundred states of Holy Roman empire were virtually independent Religion and politics were now separate
Pope ignored in devising Treaty of Westphalia Religion moved closer to individual matter, not
politics
11/20/2012 John 3:16 48
The Thirty Years War Outcomes

Economic and social outcomes debated Many parts of Germany devastated, other parts did well Population declined in Germany 21 to 16 million Most destructive conflict Europe had yet experienced
11/20/2012
John 3:16
49
A Military Revolution
By 17th century, war was larger part of European affairs Military power essential to rulers reputation and power
11/20/2012
John 3:16
50
Seventeenth Century War Machines

Essential to rulers power Changes 1560-1650 called military revolution Increased use of firearms and cannons, greater flexibility and mobility in tactics, and better disciplined and better trained armies
11/20/2012
John 3:16
51
Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, develop first standing army of conscripts Infantry brigades composed of equal musketeers and pikemen, standing 6 deep
11/20/2012
John 3:16
52
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden was brilliant in tactics

Salvos with all rows
firing at once Pike charges Cavalry charges with swords Lighter artillery pieces moved in battle
11/20/2012
John 3:16
53
A Military Rebellion
Gustavus Adolphus men fired their muskets all at once instead of row by row Salvos were followed by pikecharge
11/20/2012
John 3:16
54
Calvary were used with more mobility

Pistols fired followed
by charge with swords
Lighter artillery pieces--flexibility Changes required better training and coordination
11/20/2012
John 3:16
55
Rebellions
Before/during/after Thirty Years War Rocked the stability of governments Monarchs attempted to extend control
Raised taxes and created other hardships
Peasants and lower classes revolt Clergy, nobles and mercantile groups Throughout all Europe English Revolution most famous
11/20/2012 John 3:16 56
Western Europe
11/20/2012
John 3:16
57
Absolutism
Ultimate authority Resting in the hands of a king Rules by divine right King Louis XIV
11/20/2012
John 3:16
58
Jean BodinPolitical Theorist on Divine-Right Monarchy
What did sovereignty mean?

Make laws
Tax Administer justice
Control administrative system

Determine foreign policy
11/20/2012
John 3:16
59
Bishop Jacques BossuetTheory on Divine-Right of Monarchy
His book, Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture
Government divinely ordained Humans must live in organized society
God established kings

God reigns through the kings Kings responsible to no onenot even
parliaments--except God
Practical considerations limit power

John 3:16 60
11/20/2012
Absolute Monarchy in France
Reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715) best example of absolute monarchy French culture, manners, and language reaches throughout Europe
11/20/2012
John 3:16
61
Absolute Monarchy in France
Stability of Louiss rule was magnified by instability that preceded it
11/20/2012
John 3:16
62
Foundations of French Absolutism: Cardinal Richelieu Fifty years before

Louis XIV came to power, monarchies were struggling to hold the state together The line between order and monarchy was narrow
11/20/2012
John 3:16
63
Foundations of French Absolutism: Cardinal Richelieu

Both Louis XIII and XIV were just boys Dependent on competent ministers Richelieu eliminated military and political rights of Huguenots, but kept their religious ones
11/20/2012
John 3:16
64
Foundations of French Absolutism: Cardinal Richelieu

Richelieu
was
cautious with nobles, understanding their important role Nobles excluded from central government and who claimed land independence were the dangerous ones
11/20/2012
John 3:16
65
Foundations of French Absolutism: Cardinal Richelieu Richelieu acted

cautiously in humbling the pride of the great men
11/20/2012
John 3:16
66
Cardinal Richelieu
Efficient spy network Crushed conspiracies and executed conspirators Sent intendents out to effect government policies
Sometimes in conflict with governors Further strengthened the crown
Not good at financesdebt grew
11/20/2012
John 3:16
67
Cardinal Richelieu

Increased the taille

Direct tax on land/property
Confronting Habsburgs in 30 years war cost money

Increasing expenditures outstripped
revenues
Richelieu died 1642
11/20/2012
John 3:16
68
Cardinal Mazarin
Richelieu/Louis XIII die within months Louis XIV at four years old Richelieus trained successor, Mazarin, attempts to carry on Richelieus policies until his death in 1661 Naturalized citizen of France, from Italy Incurred some resentment from the people
11/20/2012
John 3:16
69
Cardinal Mazarin
Continues the antiHabsburg policies

Continues to cost
money and builds resentment Many French resented Mazarin, a naturalized citizen from Italy
11/20/2012
John 3:16
70
Cardinal Mazarin
Dealt with a revolt-the Fronde

Response to more
centralized power at the expense of nobles New taxes for Thirty Years War Nobles united, temporarily, united with members of parliament
11/20/2012
John 3:16
71
Cardinal Mazarin
The Parliament of Parismost important court in France First Fronde: formed by the nobles of the robelawyers and administrators
1648-1649: ended in
compromise
11/20/2012
John 3:16
72
Cardinal Mazarin
Second Fronde: led by nobles of the sword

Interested in overthrowing Mazarin for own
interests Crushed on 1652made easier by infighting
Most French concluded best bet was with the crown Louis XIV took over upon Mazarins death in 1661
11/20/2012
John 3:16
73
The Reign of Louis XIV (16431715)
Expressed interest from the day of Mazarins death to be real king and take over Louis was 23 years old
11/20/2012
John 3:16
74
The Reign of Louis XIV
Louis had a proclivity of fun and games getting into the beds of maids in the royal palace Few people took him seriously at first
11/20/2012
John 3:16
75
He wrote, Up to this moment I have been pleased to entrust the government of my affairs to the late cardinal. It is now time that I govern them myself
11/20/2012
John 3:16
76
Louis was willing to pay the price of kingship He considered his royal profession grand, noble, and delightful Called the Sun Kingthe source of light for his people
11/20/2012
John 3:16
77
The Reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715
He set the standard for monarchies and aristocracies all over Europe
Grand spectacle in
his Versailles court Voltaire called 16611715 the Age of Louis XIV
11/20/2012
John 3:16
78
The Reign of Louis XIV (cont)

Despite all the centralizing efforts, France was still a maze of regional courts, local estates, and lesser nobility who set had their own authority and wanted to hold it Both towns and provinces possessed privileges and powers
11/20/2012
John 3:16
79
Administration of the Government

Versailles was self-contained government and home to Louis, his family and blood nobles He removed nobles and princes of noble blood from the Royal Councilthe chief administrative body of the king and overseer of the central machinery of government--and placed them in his court where he could watch them
Relied on ministers and other nobles Expected total loyalty I had no intention of sharing my authority with them
11/20/2012
John 3:16
80
Louis structure gave him control of central policy making machinery

Foreign policy Making of war and
peace Secular power of crown over religions Ability to levy taxes
11/20/2012
John 3:16
81

Louis had less control over internal responsibilities than international policies Nobles, officials, town councils, guilds, and representative Estates were too powerful and independent
11/20/2012
John 3:16
82

He often bribed them Local officials could still block what they wanted to block Absolute in reality wasnt so absolute
11/20/2012
John 3:16
83
Religious policy
Religious harmony long an area of monarchial power Louis wanted to keep it and it led to conflict with Huguenots He didnt want Protestants to practice their faith in Catholic France
11/20/2012
John 3:16
84
Religious Policy
One king, one law, one faith Issued the Edict of Fountainebleu
Revoked the Edict of Nantes Destruction of Huguenot churches Closing of Protestant schools 200,000 Huguenots leave France, ma ny
skilled artisans France weakened--states receiving Huguenots gain
11/20/2012
John 3:16
85
Financial Issues
Jean-Baptiste Colbert was controller of general finances His reforms increased revenues
Improved quantity and quality of goods
Stressed mercantilism
Introduced new industries Built new infrastructure
Granted tax exemptions
11/20/2012
John 3:16
86
Financial Issues
Although Colbert was brilliant at obtaining revenues for Louiss high palaces, wars, and his opulent court, he spent the money as fast as it came in Peasants still paid highest price
11/20/2012
John 3:16
87
Daily Life at the Court of Versailles

Palace built to impress locals and foreigners Blood nobles kept involved in palace life under strict protocols
King would determine who sat where and who
handed him his shirt At stake were offices, titles, and pensions
Palace was home to thousands of nobles, seat of Kings government, and reception hall
John 3:16 88
11/20/2012

The court was built to impress foreigners and serve as a visible manifestation of the superiority of France Resident to the king Home to high nobility and princes Keeping nobles involved in palace details allowed Louis to keep them out of real powerkeeping nobles to a plane of equality
11/20/2012 John 3:16 89
There were strict protocols as to who could sit on what kind of chair, where, and within what proximity to the king
11/20/2012
John 3:16
90
Life in the palace also included much entertainment

Walks Boating trips Plays Ballets Concerts
11/20/2012
John 3:16
91
The Wars of Louis XIV
France developed professional army of 100,000 men Army rose to 400,000 during time of war
11/20/2012
John 3:16
92

Waged war for power and prestige Wanted to ensure the domination of the Bourbon dynasty over European affairs
11/20/2012
John 3:16
93
The Wars of Louis XIV Four Wars
SpanishNetherlands to the north, FrancheCompte to the east

Triple alliance:
Dutch, English, Swedes allied against him Received Franche-Compte
11/20/2012
John 3:16
94
Holly Roman empire Received Alsace and Lorraine
11/20/2012
John 3:16
95
The War of the league of Augsburg

Brought depression
and Famine to France
11/20/2012
John 3:16
96
War of Spanish Succession

Ended with Peace of
Utrecht and Rastatt Little achievement
11/20/2012
John 3:16
97
Only two years after the peace treaty, Louis died Appeared to have some remorse
11/20/2012
John 3:16
98
To his successor, his great grandson, five years old at the time, he said,
Try to remain at peace with your neighbors Do not follow me in that (war) and
overspending Do what I have had the misfortune not to do myself
11/20/2012
John 3:16
99
The Decline of Spain

Appeared wealthy, but coffers empty Philip II overspent on war and his court Controlled much of South America, parts of Africa and Asia Greedy Duke of Lerma made matters worse when Philip let him run country
11/20/2012
John 3:16
100
Reign of Philip IV
Attempted to reform internally to increase central power

Limited success due to large numbers of aristocrats
fighting the changes
Attempt to limit power of Catholic Church Involvement in Thirty Years War and civil wars resulted in exposing Spain for its weakness Peace of Westphalia and Peace of the Pyrenees meant giving up land and prestige
11/20/2012
John 3:16
101
Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe
11/20/2012
John 3:16
102
Overview
During the seventeenth century, a development of great importance for the modern Western world took place in central and eastern Europe, the appearance of three new powers: Prussia, Austria, and Russia
11/20/2012
John 3:16
103
The German States

The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirt Year War in 1648 and resulted in dividing Germany into three hundred little Germanys Two emerged as great powers
11/20/2012
John 3:16
104
The Rise of BrandenburgPrussia

Evolved from lands originally Hohenzollern Foundation set by Frederick William the Elector Raised and maintained standing army Gave nobles unlimited power over peasants to support his policies Established mercantile policies Aided Holy Roman Emperor in War of Spanish Succession and officially granted title of King of Prussia
11/20/2012
John 3:16
105
The Emergence of Austria

The Austrian Habsburgs had hoped for united Germanynot to be Leopold I urged the westward movement of the Austrian Empire, a kingdom of several divergent states joined together The Habsburg Empire was three empires in one, but together loyal to the Habsburgs
11/20/2012 John 3:16 106
Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule
Emperor Charles V defeats French armies Charles gives his son Phillip the duchy of Milan Charles transfers all imperial rights over Italy to Spain
Italy continues to suffer from the Catholic Counterrevolution

The Inquistion The Index The Jesuits
11/20/2012
John 3:16
107
Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule
Austria gains Milan, Sardinia, and Naples and supplants Spain as dominant power in Italy
11/20/2012
John 3:16
108
Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power
Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584) expanded Russian territories eastward

First to take title of
Czar (Caesar)
Extended autocracy by crushing the boyars (Russian nobility)
11/20/2012
John 3:16
109
Russia: From Fledging Principality to Major Power
In 17th century, Russian society was highly stratified Abundance of land and shortage of peasants fostered serfdom-type to the land laws
11/20/2012
John 3:16
110
Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power
Unsettling conditions and frequent contacts with the west Western ideas began to take hold End of 17th century, Peter the Great accelerated western progress
11/20/2012
John 3:16
111
The Reign of Peter the Great
Peter the Great

Highly unusual man
Six feet none inches
tall Coarse in tastes and rude in behavior Vicious punishments
11/20/2012
John 3:16
112
After trip to the West, he returned determined to westernize Russia Peter admired western technology Needed technology to modernize his military
11/20/2012
John 3:16
113

Formed first Russian navy Conscripted peasants for 25 years service Built standing army of 210,000 men
11/20/2012
John 3:16
114
Organized central government along Western lines Created senate for supervising administrative machinery of government while out of country
11/20/2012
John 3:16
115
Created colleges, boards of administrators, to supervise functions like foreign affairs, war, and justice
11/20/2012
John 3:16
116
Divided Russia into 8 and then 50 provinces

Tried for better
government Tried for sense of civic duty
Forceful personality and fear of him prevented civic duty
11/20/2012
John 3:16
117
Demanding those in landowning class serve in military or civic duty Created Table of Ranks, an opportunity for nonnobles to reach nobility and serve in the military
11/20/2012
John 3:16
118
Peter attempted to create a new nobility based on merit Peters efforts at new nobility was not continued by successors
11/20/2012
John 3:16
119
He absorbed fourfifths of revenues to support military Adopted Western mercantilism to stimulate growth
11/20/2012
John 3:16
120
Tried to increase exports by exploiting natural resources like iron Military needs were endless Relied too much on the usual, raising taxes on poor
Peasants becoming ever more burdened by Peter
11/20/2012
John 3:16
121
Sought to gain control of Russian Orthodox Church Eliminated patriarch Installed the Holy Synod
At the head was a
procurator Represented interests of the tsar
11/20/2012
John 3:16
122
Introduced western customs

Western manners First Russian book of
etiquette Russian beards shaved Coats shortened
Enforced dress codes on people arriving and leaving towns Anyone failing to conform were to be beaten without mercy
11/20/2012
John 3:16
123
Women benefitted from Peters reign

Observing Western
women, he told women to remove traditional face
Fostered social gatherings where men and women could meet, talk, dance, etc.
John 3:16 124
11/20/2012
Women could marry of their own free will
11/20/2012
John 3:16
125
Russia as a Military Power
Domestic reforms were to make Russia a great state and military power Wanted to open a window to the West
His only route was
through the Baltic Baltic controlled by Sweden
11/20/2012
John 3:16
126
King Charles XII of Sweden proved brilliant general

Defeated forces of
Danes, Poles, and Russians Russians fell at the Battle of Narva
Started the Great Northern War
11/20/2012
John 3:16
127
Peter fights back

Defeats Charles at
Battle of Poltava War dragged on for 12 years Peace of Nystadt gave formal recognition to Peter Peter acquired Estonia, Livonia, and karelia
11/20/2012
John 3:16
128
Peter achieved the great European state he sought Began construction of new grand city, Saint Petersburg
Window to the West Symbol of westward
looking
11/20/2012
John 3:16
129
Peter modernized Russia to the extent it became military power and important member of the European state system
11/20/2012
John 3:16
130
Western culture only reached upper classes Forceful ways of Peter resulted in many people not embracing Western culture
11/20/2012
John 3:16
131
The Great Northern States
Denmarks and Swedens territorial ambitions kept them at almost in constant rivalry in 17th century
11/20/2012
John 3:16
132
Denmark
Christian IV
Little success in
expansion Monarchs forced to share power with nobility War machine sustained losses in 30-Years War and Northern War
Bloodless revolution in 1660 Christian V established as monarch Absolutist constitution Nobility as chief officeholders
11/20/2012
John 3:16
133
Sweden
Sweden was poor compared to Denmark Gustavus Adolphus expanded central government
Nobility formed First
Estate occupying bureaucratic postions
11/20/2012
John 3:16
134
Sweden
Swedens new stable monarchy helped Gustavus to create powerful military Killed, 30 Years War Strong central government and state building
11/20/2012
John 3:16
135
Sweden
Gustavuss daughter abdicated throw to her brother, King Charles X

Reestablished
His son, Charles XII, inherited a powerful state that dominated northern Europe Review
Strong monarchy Strong bureaucracy Weakened nobility
domestic order
King Charles XI weakened the nobility, subdued the church, and improved the military
Strong military
Weakened church
11/20/2012
John 3:16
136
Sweden
Charles XII interested in military prowess Tested his troops in conflicts with Poland, Denmark, and Russia
Conflicts resulted in
losing first class status as northern power
11/20/2012
John 3:16
137
The Ottoman Empire
After conquering Constantinople, tried to complete their conquest of the Balkans
11/20/2012
John 3:16
138
The Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire replaced Byzantine Empire which sprang out of Roman Empire Began 1300 Mixture of cultures
11/20/2012
John 3:16
139
The Ottoman Empire
Advanced through Wallachia but were stopped by Hungarians from advancing further up Danube River From 1480 to 1520, internal problems held them back from advancement
Mehmed II, Sultan of Ottoman Empire

11/20/2012
Seeking conquest of Balkans

John 3:16 140
The Ottoman Empire
Suleiman brought the Turks back to European attention Conquered Belgrade and Hungary Stopped at Vienna Advances made along the Mediterranean
Ottoman Turks on the move

11/20/2012
Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent

John 3:16 141
The Ottoman Empire
Spanish fleet destroyed the Turkish fleet at Lepantootherwise, the Turks would have controlled the seas By early 17th century, Turks were starting to be accepted as European nation Ottoman Empire Advancements
John 3:16 142
Europe seeks alliances and trade concessions

11/20/2012
The Ottoman Empire
Ottoman politics could degenerate to bloody intrigues A sultan would kill his brothers to prevent from being overthrown Well-trained bureaucracy continued to administer state affairs
Constantinople was larger than any European city

11/20/2012
Political intrigue, but the beat went on

143
John 3:16
The Ottoman Empire
Well organized military added to strength of Ottoman Empire Janissaries were Christian boys taken from parents, converted to Muslims, highly trained, loyal to Sultan Elite core of 8,000 troops
Janissaries: Christian boys loyal to sultan

11/20/2012
Well structured, organized military

John 3:16 144
The Ottoman Empire

Sleeping giant Threatened by challenge from Persia Content with status quo
New line of viziers Marched through Hungarians and laid siege to Vienna Repulsed by mixed army of Austrians, Poles, Bavarians, and Saxons Never threatened Europe again
First half of 17th century
Second half of 17th century

John 3:16 145
11/20/2012
The Ottoman Empire
Ottomans pushed back never to threaten Europe again

11/20/2012
Ottomans keep core of their empire

John 3:16 146
The Limits of Absolutism

Monarchies power not absolute Most people dealt with local authorities Kings policies not guaranteed to be followed
There were entire bureaucracies of people with authorities Most successful kings used the old system to best advantage Landowners had great power
11/20/2012
John 3:16
147
Certain states had limited monarchys
11/20/2012
John 3:16
148
The Weakness of the Polish Monarchy
The merger of Poland and Lithuania in 1569 resulted in largest Christendom kingdom at that time In the beginning, the nobles elected the king
Power of nobles enabled them to hold on to serfdom Merger involved the merger of the Jagiello dynasty
11/20/2012
John 3:16
149
Tried choosing outsiders as kings

Thought to foster new
Kings had to agree to share power with Sejm, Polish diet

Two-chamber
alliances
Swede Sigismund III had vision of vast polish empire that caused the state to be weak and decentralized
assembly
Reduced central monarch authority Government reduced to chaos
11/20/2012
John 3:16
150
Poland became confederation of semi-independent states

Landed nobles ruled
Became battleground for foreign powers, although difficult to rule
11/20/2012
John 3:16
151
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic
Seventeenth century often called Golden Age of the Dutch Republic

United Provinces was
Atlantic power Shift in economic power from Mediterranean to the Atlantic seaboard
11/20/2012
John 3:16
152
The seven northern provinces of the Netherlands, calling themselves the United Provinces of the Netherlands, became the core of the modern Dutch state
Internal dissension
William of Orange
and heirs wanted a strong central monarch The States General wanted a decentralized republic
11/20/2012
John 3:16
153
A trading power, the Dutch began to experience a decline by 1715 due to wars with France and England
11/20/2012
John 3:16
154
Life in Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam
By the beginning of the 17th century, Amsterdam replaced Antwerp as the economic capital of Europe
Made possible of vast
Dutch invention of fluytshallow draft shipadded to capacity of ship for carrying goods
fleets of ships owned by Amsterdam merchants
11/20/2012
John 3:16
155
Chief port for Dutch West Indian and East Indian trading companies City industries turned raw materials into finished goods
Principal supplier of military goods in Europe

Gun foundaries
11/20/2012
John 3:16
156
As a financial center, trading profits provided much capital for investment The Exchange Bank of Amsterdam founded in 1609
Amsterdam Stock Exchange

Speculation in
commodities
11/20/2012
John 3:16
157
Wealthy merchants were able to control much of the governmental activities of the Dutch Calvinist backgrounds led to simple lifestyle
Second half of 17th century, these wealthy burghers reduced their simple lifestyle and began wearing more colorful clothes
11/20/2012
John 3:16
158
England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy Struggle in England
as to which would dominate, the king or the parliament Complicated by religious issues
11/20/2012
John 3:16
159
King James I and Parliament
The death of Queen Elizabeth ended the Tudor dynasty and ushered in the Stuart line King James VI of Scotland became Kings James I of England
11/20/2012
John 3:16
160
King James and Parliament
England was used to a balanced system with the king and parliament sharing power, a balanced polity James believed, however, in the divine right of kings
11/20/2012
John 3:16
161
The English Puritans also wanted James to eliminate the episcopal system of church organization James knew the Anglican church, bishops appointed by the crown, would help him govern
11/20/2012
John 3:16
162

James had also managed to irritate the gentry, wealthy landowners just below the nobility Gentry held important seats in the House of Commons
11/20/2012
John 3:16
163
Charles I and the Move toward Revolution
James conflict continues with son Charles I Charles reneged on Petition of Right
Parliament must
approve certain actions before taken effect
Limited kings power
11/20/2012
John 3:16
164
Charles I and the Move toward Revolutuion
Charles circumvented Parliament and collected taxes through other sources

Ship money on
Merchants became irritated because Charles circumvented parliament
merchants of seacoast towns
11/20/2012
John 3:16
165
Charles married to Henrietta Marie, Catholic, raising suspicions about his religious inclinations Charles and William laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, introduced more ritual into Anglican services
John 3:16 166
11/20/2012
Charles and William attempted to impose Book of Common Prayer on to the Scottish Presbyterian church
Scots rose up in
rebellion Charles strapped for money
11/20/2012
John 3:16
167
Charles was forced to call parliament into session Parliament dealt Charles broadsides which limited his authority
Political battles lasted 1640-1660 Triennial Act ruled parliament must meet each three years Some members pushed for more change
11/20/2012
John 3:16
168
Split in Parliament between more radical members who wanted to make more changes Charles tried to take advantage by arresting them
11/20/2012
John 3:16
169
Response to Charles attempts was met by John Pym and fellow Puritans England slipped into civil war
11/20/2012
John 3:16
170
Civil War in England
Parliament created the New Model Army

Composed of
extreme Puritans Known as Independents Believed to be doing battle for the Lord
Oliver Cromwell was one of groups leaders

John 3:16 171
11/20/2012
Statement by Cromwell
Sir, this is none other
than the hand of God; and to Him alone belongs the glory
With the aid of the New Model Army, parliament captured Charles
11/20/2012
John 3:16
172
Split occurs in the Parliamentary forces

Some want to restore
Charles to the throne Charles takes advantage of disagreement and flees to the Scots
House of Commons tries and condemns Charles and beheads him, highly unusual act at that time
Second civil war results in capture
11/20/2012
John 3:16
173
Cromwell and New Governments
After death of Charles I

Rump parliament
Oliver Cromwell was the most powerful figure

He had to crush a
abolished monarchy and House of Lords England proclaimed a republic
Catholic uprising in Ireland and an uprising in Scotland Cromwell did so in a most brutal way Irish and Scots despised him
11/20/2012
John 3:16
174
Cromwell and the New Governments
Cromwell faced opposition at home from groups with new agendas Most formidable of groups was Levellers
Freedom of speech
Cont>
Right to vote for male
householders over 21 Annual parliaments Womens equality with men Government programs to care for poor
Freedom of religion
Democratic republic
11/20/2012
John 3:16
175
To Cromwell, a country gentleman, only people of property had the right to participate in the affairs of state Cromwell, you have no other way to deal with these men but to break them.
John 3:16 176
11/20/2012
Cromwell would smash the Levellers by force Finding it difficult to deal with the parliament, he dispersed it y force
11/20/2012
John 3:16
177
The army provided a new government and drew up the Instrument of Government
Executive power
Cromwell dissolved parliament

Divided country into
vested in Lord Protector (Cromwell) New parliament System failed to work
11 regions each ruled by major general Levied 10% tax on all Royalists
Cromwell resorted in more brutal policies than Charles I
11/20/2012
John 3:16
178

Cromwell died in 1658 Monarchy was reestablished as Charles II, eldest son of Charles I Stuart monarchy restored
11/20/2012
John 3:16
179
Restoration of the Monarchy
Charles II accepted parliaments approval of taxes and abolition of arbitrary courts Parliament restored the Anglican church as official church of England
Laws passed to force Catholics and Puritan dissenters to conform to the church Charles was sympathetic to Catholics and James, his brother, was Catholic
11/20/2012
John 3:16
180
Charles took strong step of issuing the Declaration of Indulgence

Suspended laws
Parliament responded with the Test Act of 1673

Only Anglicans could
passed by parliament against Catholics and Puritans
hold military and civil offices
11/20/2012
John 3:16
181
Debate over the Test Act resulted in two political groupings

The Whigs The Tories
Tories
Support king (despite
Whigs
Exclude James Protestant king
dislike for James and Catholics) Parliament should not tamper with rightful succession to thrown
Tolerate dissenters
11/20/2012
John 3:16
182
Charles dismissed parliament

Relied on French
subsidies

Died in 1685 James came to the thrown

Open, devout
Opened wounds between king and parliament James named Catholics to high government positions, contrary to Test Act
Catholic
11/20/2012
John 3:16
183
James issued new Declaration of Indulgence

Suspended all laws
barring Catholics and Dissenters from office Parliament stopped short of rebellion because he was old man Successors were Protestant sisters
11/20/2012
But, June 10, 1688, a son was born to James IIs second wife, also Catholic Fired Catholic officeholders for failing to move the England quickly to Catholicism
John 3:16
184
A Glorious Revolution
Group of seven prominent English noblemen invited William of Orange (pictured) to invade England James had failed to work with parliament and had abused his powers other ways
11/20/2012
John 3:16
185
William, ongoing foe of King Louis XIV of France, fighting Louis with the Dutch and always trying to stop the spread of France Devout Protestant
11/20/2012
John 3:16
186
William and Mary (pictured) raised an army and James fled with family to France
Their army was
comprised of many Huguenots
Little bloodshed
11/20/2012
John 3:16
187
The revolution was fought not over whether there would be a monarch, but who would be the monarch James made last effort at Battle of Boyne (pictured) but was defeated
11/20/2012
John 3:16
188
The Glorious Revolution
The Revolution Settlement confirmed William and Mary as monarchs The people in general accepted the monarchs with open arms
11/20/2012
John 3:16
189
In 1689, the Convention Parliament asserted James had tried to subvert the constitution and they then offered the monarchy to William and Mary (pictured as cousins)
11/20/2012
John 3:16
190
William and Mary accepted the throne on the provisions provided under the Bill of Rights, 1688 (pictured)
Laid the foundation
for a constitutional monarchy
11/20/2012
John 3:16
191
Bill of Rights
Affirmed Parliaments
right to make laws and levy taxes Made it impossible for kings to oppose or do without Parliament Standing armies raised only with Parliaments consent
11/20/2012
John 3:16
192
Bill of Rights (cont)

Elections and
debates of Parliament had to be free Rights of citizens to petition the sovereign, keep arms, jury trial, and no excessive bail
11/20/2012
John 3:16
193
The significance of the Bill of Rights

System of
government based on rule of law Freely elected Parliament Established foundation for constitutional monarchy
11/20/2012
John 3:16
194
Bill of Rights didnt settle religious questions Toleration Act 1689

Puritan dissenters
free public worship Catholics excluded
Toleration Act didnt mean complete religious freedom and equality, but few people were ever again persecuted for religious reasons
11/20/2012
John 3:16
195
The Glorious Revolution is seen as end of 17th century struggle between king and Parliament
Parliament now had
unquestioned role in in affairs of state
11/20/2012
John 3:16
196
Over the next century, Parliament would prove to be the real authority in the English system Picture: Teams of horses used to pull cannon during conflicts
11/20/2012
John 3:16
197
Responses to Revolution
The English revolutions prompted different responses from two English political thinkers
Thomas Hobbes John Locke (pictured)
11/20/2012
John 3:16
198
Generally, Hobbes (pictured) was for the absolute rule of man and Locke was against it
11/20/2012
John 3:16
199
In natures state, human life (before society) was solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short Humans led by animal instincts, not reason Ruthless struggle for self preservation (continued next slide)

Argued against absolute rule of one man Wrote, Two Treatise of Government Early state of nature for man was state of equality and freedom Humans had inalienable rights
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
11/20/2012
John 3:16
200
To save themselves, (war of man against man) man contracted to form a commonwealth
The great Leviathon, or that
Inalienable rights include

Life, liberty, and property
mortal god
Commonwealth placed powers into hands of a sovereign authority (Continued next slide)
Since there was no impartial judge found in nature, people founded government to mutually protect their rights Government and people had mutual obligations
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
11/20/2012
John 3:16
201
Sovereign authority was preferably a single ruler

Served as executor,
legislator, and judge Possessed unlimited power Subjects may not rebel
Government would protect rights People would act reasonable toward government If government broke its agreement, people could form a new government (Continued next slide)
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
11/20/2012
John 3:16
202
Community of people was primarily landholding aristocracy represented in Parliament Not advocate of political democracy Ideas important in American and French revolutions
John Locke
John Locke
11/20/2012
John 3:16
203
European culture continued to flourish. The era was blessed with many prominent artists and writers
11/20/2012
John 3:16
204
The Changing Faces of Art: Mannerism
Artistic Renaissance ended with the style of Mannerism

Attempt o break down
High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation
11/20/2012
John 3:16
205
Mannerism
Mannerism reflects uncertainty, suffering, anxiety, and yearning for spiritual experience
11/20/2012
John 3:16
206
Mannerism
Mannerism derives from critics who considered these contemporary artists to be second-rate imitators Painters who painted in the manner of a great artist
11/20/2012
John 3:16
207
Mannerism
Reached it apogee with el Greco

Elongated, contorted
figures Unusual shade of green and yellow Intense emotion
11/20/2012
John 3:16
208
The Baroque Period

Mannerism replaced by Baroque Embraced by Catholic reform movement Sought to combine classical ideals of Renaissance art with religious revival of 16th century
11/20/2012
John 3:16
209
The Baroque Period
Known for dramatic effects to arouse emotion Reflected search for power
Large part of 17th
century ethos
Kings and princes wanted their power reflected in their art
11/20/2012
John 3:16
210
The Baroque Period
Dramatic effects of high emotional intensity Bodies in violent motion Heavily fleshed nudes Restless forms Violent movement
11/20/2012
John 3:16
211
The Baroque Period
Perhaps greatest figure of the baroque was Italian architect and sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Completed Saint
Peters Basilica at the Vatican
11/20/2012
John 3:16
212
The Baroque Period
Action, exuberance, profusion, and dramatic effects mark the works of Bernini Throne of Saint Peter
11/20/2012
John 3:16
213
The Baroque Period
In his most striking sculptural work, Ecstacy of Saint Theresa, Bernini depicts a moment of mystical experience in the life of the 16th century saint
11/20/2012
John 3:16
214
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (15981680
11/20/2012
John 3:16
215
The Baroque Period
Artemisia Gentilischi
Successful career as
painter At 23, first woman elected to Florentine Academy of Design Known for pictures of heroines from Old Testament Judith Beheading Holofernes
11/20/2012
John 3:16
216
French Classicism
Second half of 17th century, France replaced Italy as cultural center of Europe Preferred High Renaissance Classicism
Classicism
Clarity
Simplicity Balance Harmony of design Rejected baroque
emotionalism Grande portrayal of noble subjects
11/20/2012
John 3:16
217
French Classicism
Nicholas Poussin exemplified French Classicism principles in his paintings
11/20/2012
John 3:16
218
Dutch Realism
Wealthy Dutch patricians and burghers commissioned works for buildings Not classical or baroque, Dutch were interested in realistic portrayal of secular life
11/20/2012
John 3:16
219
Dutch Realism
Rembrandt became more introspective as he grew older

Refused to follow
secular road Half of his paintings are Biblical He is the one great Protestant painter of the 17th century
11/20/2012
John 3:16
220
Dutch Realism
Judith Leyster
Portrayed everyday
Dutch life in her paintings Self-Portrait is the essence of introspection
11/20/2012
John 3:16
221
A Wondrous Age of Theater
Except for academic fields, Latin was no longer the universal language Greatest English theater is called Elizabethan
Much of cultural flowering of English culture was during reign of Queen Elizabeth Elizabethan literature exhibits England international exploits
11/20/2012
John 3:16
222
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare
Complete man of the
theater Writer, actor, and company shareholder Long recognized as a universal genius Master of English language
11/20/2012
John 3:16
223
William Shakespeare
Language proficiency was matched by his insight into human psychology
11/20/2012
John 3:16
224
William Shakespeare
In tragedies and comedies, Shakespeare showed remarkable understanding of the human condition Portrait of Shakespeare being nursed by two characters (pictured)
11/20/2012
John 3:16
225
Spains Golden Century
Professional theaters opened in Madrid and Seville in 1590s Lope de Vega wrote over 1500 plays that survive today Picture from one of his plays, Villains and Villeins
11/20/2012
John 3:16
226
French Drama
French playwrights wrote for elite audience and were forced into support from royal patronage Louis XIV used theater to attract attention to his monarchy
Jean-Baptiste Racine followed the line of Greek tragedies

Focused on conflicts
like love and honor or inclination and duty
11/20/2012
John 3:16
227
French Drama
Jean-Baptiste Moliere
Enjoyed patronage of
King Louis XIV Produced and acted in series of comedies and satires
Religious and social
The Paris clergy had his play Taruffe banned for five years
world of his time
11/20/2012
John 3:16
228
Conclusion
The divisive effects of the Reformation had been assimilated and the concept of a united Christendom was destroyed by religious wars
The door to power politics was now open Secular power of the state reflected the changes in 17th century society
11/20/2012
John 3:16
229
Conclusion
Certain governmental machinery made it possible for growing centralization and power and more a move to absolutism
In England, landed aristocracy gained power and set the stage for a constitutional monarchy
Parliament became
focus of power
11/20/2012
John 3:16
230
Conclusion
Concern for power and expansion led to conflict Religious concerns were losing ground to secularism Transition to more secular Western civilization
11/20/2012
John 3:16
231

AP European History, CH 15

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AP European History, CH 15

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 15 Advanced Placement European History

Overview of the Chapter

Overview of the Chapter

United Christian Europe gives way to

Religious wars gave religion less credibility

King Louis XIV

King Louis XIV is seen as perfect example of absolutism

justice, order, and reason Also said to be vain

Overview-Two Poles of State Building

Economic conditions Population trends Temperature reduction War Famine Plague

Social Crises, War, and Rebellions

Europe was facing financial decline

mid 14th century

Social Crises, War, and Rebellions

The Witchcraft Craze

The Witchcraft Craze

The Spread of Witchcraft

The Spread of Witchcraft

The Spread of Witchcraft

The Spread of Witchcraft

Social conditions as major reason:

self sufficiency More fearful of growing numbers of poor

poor became agents of the devil

The Spread of Witchcraft

The Spread of Witchcraft

Women held in low esteem Judges were biased against women

The Spread of Witchcraft

The Thirty Years War

The Thirty Years War

The Thirty Years War

The Thirty Years War

The Thirty Years War

The Thirty Yearss War

The Thirty Years War

Resisted by German princesconcerned about

11/20/2012 John 3:16 26

The Thirty Years War

The Bohemian Phase

The Bohemian Phase

The Bohemian Phase

The Bohemian Phase

Protestant nobles rebel in 1618

The Bohemian Phase

Bohemian rebels deposed Ferdinand

The Bohemian Phase

The Bohemian Phase (cont)

The Bohemian Phase

The Danish Phase

The Danish Phase

The Danish Phase

Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian nobleman, defeated Protestants at Dessau

rich in the process

The Danish Phase (cont)

Imperial Ferdinand II at height of power

The Swedish Phase

The Swedish Phase

Devout Lutheran who felt compelled to help

fellow Lutheran in Germany

Gustovus killed at Battle of Luten Swedes defeated at Battle of Nordlingen

The Swedish Phase

The Swedish Phase (cont)

The Franco-Swedish Phase

The Franco-Swedish Phase