Load Commutation

Comsats Institute of Information
Science Technology Abbottabad 11/23/2012 1


Junaid Sadiq SP09-BEE-018
Habibullah FA08-BEE-021
Minhaj-Ud-Din FA08-BEE-134
Commutation means to turn-off.

Natural Commutation
Forced Commutation
Load Commutation is a type of force
commutation
In load commutation the load helps in commutating
the device.

Suppose a thyristor is there and if anyhow the
thyristor can be reverse biased by increasing the
load side voltage so that the current falls below
the holding current then the thyristor will turn off
or will be commutated. This is called load
commutation.


This type of commutation is used where the
applied voltage to a device never passes
through zero (dc voltage). Since the voltage
cycle never passes through zero, the device
cannot be line commutated and so one is
bound to use load commutation as the only
means to commutate the device.


This is also called Load commutation, the connecting
components, capacitor-inductor combination can be
utilized to turn-off the conducting thyristor at a given
time after turn-on . these commutating elements L and
C are connected with load resistance R form an under
damped resonant circuit .
For low values of R ,L and C are connected in series
with load resistance R and for high values of R ,load
resistance R is connected in parallel with
capacitance(C).The main requirement for both the
circuits are that the overall circuit must be under
damped.


From figure we can see that the current first
raises to maximum value and then begins to
fall as shown . it is turned-off as its time at
instant A. When current decays to zero and
tends to reverse the thyristor , load
commutation can be seen in dc circuits and not
in ac circuits. So the currents must have an
tendency to decrease to zero, when the circuit
is energized from source. This is called load
commutation .

Circuit is under damped by including suitable
values of L & C in series with load.
Oscillating current flows.
SCR is turned off when current is zero.

V
R
L
V (0)
c
C
T
i
Load
+ -
V
S
R
SL
1
CS
V
C
(0)
S
C
T
I(S)
+ + - -
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
C
C
C
CS V V
S
I S
RC
V V
S
I S
R SL
CS
C
S S LC
V V
R
LC S S
L LC
(

=
+ +

=
+
(

=
(
+ +
+
(

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
0
1
0
1
2 2
C
C
V V
L
I S
R
S S
L LC
V V
L
I S
R R R
S S
L LC L L
=
+ +
=
| | | |
+ + +
| |
\ . \ .
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
0
1
2 2
Where,
0
1
, ,
2 2
C
C
V V
A
L
I S
S
R R
S
L LC L
V V
R R
A
L L LC L
o e
o e
= =
+ +
(
| | | |
(
+ +
| |
\ . \ . (

| |
= = =
|
\ .
( )
( )
( )
2
2
is called the natural frequency
Taking inverse Laplace transforms
sin
t
A
I S
S
A
i t e t
o
e
e
e
o e
e
e

=
+ +
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
Expression for current
0
sin
Peak value of current
0
R
t
C
L
C
V V
i t e t
L
V V
L
e
e
e
=
V
R
L
V (0)
c
C
T
i
Load
+ -
( )
( )
( )
Applying KVL to figure
Substituting for i,
sin sin
c R L
c
t t
c
v t V v V
di
v t V iR L
dt
A d A
v t V R e t L e t
dt
o o
e e
e e

=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
( )
( ) | |
( )
( )
sin cos sin
sin cos sin
sin cos sin
2
sin cos
2
t t t
c
t
c
t
c
t
c
A A
v t V R e t L e t e t
A
v t V e R t L t L t
A R
v t V e R t L t L t
L
A R
v t V e t L t
o o o
o
o
o
e e e o e
e e
e e e o e
e
e e e e
e
e e e
e

=
= +
(
= +
(

(
= +
(

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
Substituting for A,
0
sin cos
2
0
sin cos
2
SCR turns off when current goes to zero.
i.e., at
C
t
c
C
t
c
V V
R
v t V e t L t
L
V V
R
v t V e t t
L
t
o
o
e e e
e
e e e
e
e t
(
= +
(

(
= +
(

=
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
Therefore at turn off
0
0 cos
0
0
C
c
c C
R
L
c C
V V
v t V e
v t V V V e
v t V V V e
o t
e
o t
e
t
e
e t
e

= +
(
= +

(
= +

( )
( )
2
For effective commutation
the circuit should be under damped.
1
That is
2
With R = 0, and the capacitor initially uncharged
that is 0 0
sin
Note:
C
R
L LC
V
V t
i t
L
LC
e
| |
<
|
\ .
=
=
Current i
Capacitor voltage
Gate pulse
Voltage across SCR
0
t t/2
et
et
et
et
V
V
2V

V
dc
=L d
i
/ d
t
+ V
o

I
o
=C dv
o
/ dt

+V
o
/R
Z= sqrt [(R)
2
+ (wL+1/ wC)
2
]

If an LC network is included as a part of load circuit.
The turned load will force the device commutation. To
accomplish this action, the tuned network is selected so
that the circuit is never damped. When SCR is
triggered, a current flows through the LC circuit
charging the Capacitor (C) towards the supply voltage.
After some time, the magnitude of current reverses and
tries to flow through the SCR in opposite direction.
Owing to the resonating effect of L & C. As a result, the
SCR is commutated off.


Load Commutation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Load Commutation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Comsats Institute of Information

Science Technology Abbottabad 11/23/2012 1

Comsats Institute of Information

You might also like