Objective

To introduce the basic concepts of reservoir matrix

To explain Matrix acidizing To explain the application of Coiled Tubing in matrix

acidizing To outline the additives used in CT Matrix acidizing and their functions To explain diversion and Zonal Coverage techniques ROO Design Protocol

Why Acidizing through Coiled Tubing

Wellhead / Completion tubulars protection Accurate placement / Complete coverage Live well operation Jetting effect Flowback - N2 kick off Integrated service, fill cleanout and N2 kick-off Wellbore fluids not bullheaded into formation

Design Considerations
Wellbore and Completion Characteristics

Well preparation
Inhibition time Acid neutralisation Pump rate Placement technique (Diversion)

Well Stimulation
Stimulation is a chemical or mechanical method of

increasing flow capacity to a well. OS is mainly concerned with three methods of stimulation:

Wellbore Clean-up - Fluids not injected in formation Chemical Treatment Perf Wash Matrix Treatment - Injection below frac pressure Matrix Acidizing Chemical Treatment Fracturing - Injection above frac pressure Acid Frac Propped Frac

Reduction in Flow Capacity May Occur:

Wellbore: Scale Damage Sand Fill Plugged Perforations Paraffin Plugging Asphalt Deposits

Mechanical/Chemical/Acidizing Treatment

Critical Matrix: Drilling Mud Damage Cement Damage Completion Fluids Production Native Clays/Fines A naturally low permeability reservoir.

Matrix Acidizing
Sandstone: Major Effects:

Dissolves/Disperses Damage Restores Permeability

Limestone: Major Effects:

Enlarge Flow Channels/Fractures Disperse Damage by Dissolving Surrounding Rock Creation of Highly Conductive Wormholes

Formation Damage
Damage Definition :
Partial or complete plugging of the near wellbore area

which reduces the original permeability of the

formation.
Damage is quantified by the skin factor ( S ).

Skin (s)
The total Skin (ST) is the combination of formation

damage skin and pseudo-skins. It is the total skin value that is obtained directly from well-test analysis. Formation Damage Skin:
Mathematically defined as an infinitely thin zone that

creates a steady-state pressure drop at the sand face. S>0 Damaged Formation S=0 Neither damaged nor stimulated S<0 Stimulated formation/slanted well

Pseudo Skin: Includes situations such as fractures, partial penetration, turbulence, and fissures. The Formation Damage Skin is the only type that can

be removed by stimulation.

Types of Formation Damage

Emulsions
Wettability Change Water Block

Scale Formation
Organic Deposits Mixed Deposits

Silt & Clay

Bacterial Slime

Sources of Formation Damage

Drilling
Cementing Perforating

Completion and Workover

Gravel Packing Production

Stimulation
Injection Operations

Successful Matrix Treatment

Requirements:
Correct Reactive Chemicals Enough Treating Fluid Volume

Low Injection Pressure

Total Zone Coverage

Acidizing Additives

Corrosion Inhibitors : Surfactants : Foaming Agents : Mutual Solvents : Antisludge Agents : Non-Emulsifiers : Iron Control : Friction Reducers : Clay Control : Diverters : Specialty Additives

Sources of Iron
Tubulars:
Rust Scale

Corrosion

Formation:
Pyrite

Chlorite
Magnetite

Acid Requirements
React with formation minerals and give soluble

products
React with damage and give soluble/dispersible

products
Possible to inhibit Safe to handle Low cost and available

Sandstone Vs. Carbonate

Carbonate: Acid creates new flow path by dissolving

formation rock
Sandstone: Dissolution of the permeability damaging

mineral

Controlling Precipitation Summary

Preflush
HCl is commonly used to:

Avoid contact between HF and formation brine

Dissolve Carbonates Avoid formation of CaF2

Aromatic Solvents and Mutual Solvents may be used in

combination with HCl

Preflush
3% NH4CI solution (10 gal/ft)
HCl Xylene / Toluene
Removal of organic deposits

Mutual Solvent / Alcohols

Removal of organic deposits

Overflush
Displacement of acid flush away from wellbore area
Oil Wells: NH4CI/Weak HCl/mutual solvent (if

necessary)
Gas Wells: NH4CI/Weak HCl Surfactant/Mutual solvent:
Leave formation water-wet Facilitate flowback

Nitrogen: Promote flowback in low pressure wells

Fluid Placement
Fluid tends to take the path of least resistance.
Proper diversion is a major factor in the success or

failure of a treatment.

Need for Diversion

Damaged Zone Layer 1
k1 = 50 md s1 = 10 k2 = 300 md s2 = 5 k3 = 200 md s3 = 2

Layer 2

A
Injected Fluid 8%

Layer 3

Layer 1
Layer 2 Layer 3

33%
59%

Technique for Fluid Diversion

Mechanical: Straddle Packers Ball Sealers CT Packer Chemical: Bridging Agents Diverting Agents Foam - Nitrified
VEDA - Self Diverting Acid

Selective Acidizing through CT using Packers

Tubing End Locator

Ball Sealers
Flow Conventional Density Ball Sealer Flow Buoyant Ball Sealer

Conventional density (nonbuoyant) ball sealer 100% efficient buoyant ball sealer