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ENGINEERING MATERIALS
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These changes can be induced with no concurrent1 change in product shape. HT is one of the most important and widely used manufacturing processes. Technically the term heat treatment applies only to processes where heating & cooling are performed for the specific purpose of altering properties; but heating & cooling often occur as incidental phases of other manufacturing processes such as hot forming or welding. The material properties will be altered, however, just as though an intentional HT had been performed, & the result can be either beneficial or harmful
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The FCC can hold more carbon in solution and on rapid cooling the crystal structure wants to return to its BCC structure. It cannot due to trapped carbon atoms. The net result is a distorted crystal structure called body centered tetragonal (BCT) called martensite.
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Critical temperatures
Upper critical temperature (point) A3 is the temperature, below which ferrite starts to form as a result of ejection from austenite in the hypoeutectoid alloys. Upper critical temperature (point) ACM is the temperature, below which cementite starts to form as a result of ejection from austenite in the hypereutectoid alloys Lower critical temperature (point) A1 is the temperature of the austenite-to-pearlite eutectoid transformation. Below this temperature austenite does not exist. Magnetic transformation temperature A2 is the temperature below which -ferrite is ferromagnetic.
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Heat Treatment (HT) Pearlite A mixture of alternate strips of ferrite and cementite in a single grain. The distance between the plates and their thickness is dependant on the cooling rate of the material; fast cooling creates thin plates that are close together and slow cooling creates a much coarser structure possessing less toughness. The name for this structure is derived from its mother of pearl appearance under a microscope. A fully pearlitic structure occurs at 0.8% Carbon. Further increases in carbon will create cementite at the grain boundaries, which will start to weaken the steel.
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Heat Treatment (HT) Cooling of a steel below 0.8% carbon When a steel solidifies it forms austenite. When the temperature falls below the A3 point, grains of ferrite start to form. As more grains of ferrite start to form the remaining austenite becomes richer in carbon. At about 723C the remaining austenite, which now contains 0.8% carbon, changes to pearlite. The resulting structure is a mixture consisting of white grains of ferrite mixed with darker grains of pearlite. Heating is basically the same thing in reverse.
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hardening, case hardening, annealing, normalizing, and tempering. Although each of these processes bring about different results in metal, all of them involve three basic steps: heating, soaking, and cooling. Heating is the first step in a heat-treating process. Many alloys change structure when they are heated to specific temperatures.
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Fig 9.17
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