Professional Documents
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Types of Vaccination
Passive Immunisation
Antitoxins and immunoglobulins which provide immediate source of antibody Ex: Diphtheria anti-toxin
Botulinum anti-toxin
Hep B IG, Tetanus IG
organism which replicates in the host Ex: MMR,varicella Killed/inactivated/subunit vaccines killed micro-organisms, inactivated toxins or other subunits Ex: Inactivated polio vaccine, DTaP vaccine
Nanovaccine
Nano is very vast field and it can be applied to any area, one of such
area is vaccine.
It provide a different routes of administration of vaccine. Nano vaccine can be designed, manufactured and introduced in to
the human body to improve health, including cellular repairs at the molecular level.
The nano material is so small that it can easily enter the cell;
therefore, nano materials can be used in-vivo or in-vitro for biological applications.
Antigen covalently linked to inert nano-beads with a size of ~50nm is preferentially taken up by DCs, thus inducing humoral as well as cellmediated immune responses
2. Polymeric nanoparticles
Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers have been approved for use
Absorbed
Entraped
Contd..
PLG have been extensively used to encapsulate antigens. PLG forms lactic and glycolic acids, After hydrolysis of hydroxyl
encapsulated antigen by avoiding exposure to organic solvents used during formulation and acidic pH conditions caused by degradation of the polymer.
3. Nanoemulsion
Size of globule (100-400nm) Nano-emulsion vaccine does not require refrigeration and is stable
for 6 months.
Nano-emulsion is non-toxic, pain free and avoids the risk of
4. Viral
vectored vaccines
0.0000008inch) to 250400nm.
The immune system quickly respond to viruses, this would seem to
genetic material from the pathogen to which immunity is desired. Such vaccines are also commonly referred to as live recombinant vaccines.
Advantages of virallyvectored vaccines include their ease of production, a good safety profile, ability to potentiate strong immune responses, potential for nasal or epicutaneous delivery and mucosal immunization.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nanovaccine have potential to deliver safe and more effective vaccine. Nanobead covalently coupled with antigen offer distinct advantagesa low dose of antigen is required, efficient processing by antigen-presenting cells and stability during storage. Encapsulated nanoparticles easily deliver antigen, protects the antigen from degradation and is found to be effective with a single dose due to slow release of the antigen. Many of the nanovaccines are non-invasive, delivered by the oral or nasal route, diffusion patches or micro needle arrays, thus allowing pain-free delivery with minimal damage.
Cost of production. Small nanoparticles are cleared quickly from the body, large counter parts may accumulate in vital organs causing toxic problems. Reproducibility of formulation during manufacturing is one of the major hurdles in the use of nanoparticles as vaccines.
A young person with Type 1 diabetes will use up to 1500 syringes a year - Associate Professor John Fitzgerald, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, July 2007 Globally, around 30 billion syringes are used per year; 800 million are used by Australians.
WHAT NOW ?
9 October 2012 Vaxxas, a biotechnology company commercializing a novel vaccine delivery platform, has initiated a research collaboration with Merck, known as MSD outside the US and Canada. Vaxxas has granted Merck an exclusive license for the Nanopatch platform for commercial production of an undisclosed vaccine candidate
protective outer skin layer (stratum corneum) and targets immune-activating material to the immune-cell rich layers just beneath the outermost skin layer utilising the microprojections with optimised spacing and length
A square patch is kept on the
skin for two minutes to direct the vaccine. This technique uses 100th part of the dose of a needle and shows equivalent or better performance.
required to achieve efficacy (100-fold reduction has been achieved in the mouse model when delivering Fluvax), and for amplifying the vaccine efficacy
Pre-clinical experiments have also shown the ability of the Nanopatch to remove or significantly reduce the amount of adjuvant required for effective vaccination.
formation
Versatility in applications: vaccines,
Advantages of Nanopatch
Delivery of nano-sized particles directly to the immune system
Patent
First patent was issued in Jan. 2012.
There are around 11 applications pending; in the US, Canada, Europe and other first tier economies, and select emerging markets, or > 90% of the worldwide market for pharmaceuticals. The company continues to file new applications, approximately quarterly.
Navacim
Navacim was first manufactured by Parvus Therapeutics Inc. Calgary Navacim is a new class of therapeutic; a peptide-MHC complex covalently linked to a nanoparticle
Nanoparticle core gold/iron B. Surface coating agent Protein component C. MHC protein, D. Short Anitgenic peptide for specific disease. 10-20 amino acids long E. Finished particle size 60nm
A.
Disease condition
Pancreatic cells
APC
Mode of action
A
. CTLs are normally programmed to die when they re-encounter antigen on their target cell so, not surprisingly, they also die if they recognize and interact with the p-MHC on the Navacim B . The autoregulatory memory T cells don't need co-stimulation so the Navacim expands them and they go on to target and remove the diseaseassociated APCs all of them
Navocim
Future prospects
Carbon nanotubes may be used to deliver vaccine. Peptidenano-bead based vaccine approach may be beneficial,
especially for highly variable pathogens such as FMDV(foot and mouth disease virus). Nano emulsion may deliver smallpox, influenza, anthrax and HIV vaccines. Nanoemulsion against GP120, one of the major binding proteins, may induce mucosal and cellular immunity, and neutralize antibody to various isolates of HIV. Adenovirus may deliver vaccine for Alzheimer's disease, influenza, tetanus and HIV based vaccine.
References
Tarala Dnandedkar, Nanovaccines: recent developments in
vaccination, J.Biosci.340000002009.
J.Peek Lauraet.al, Nanotechnology in vaccine delivery, Advanced
a nanoparticle-based genetic vaccine delivery system on the resulting immune responses, European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 55 (2003).