Machine Design 1

Variable Loads & Stress Concentration

Engr. Edwin C. Esperanza
Chairperson, ME Department

Questions:

1. When we say variable loads, what does it mean? 2.How about stress concentrations?

Stress concentrations were usually found in:

HOLES

Stress concentrations were usually found in:

SCRATCHES

Stress concentrations were usually found in:

CRACKS

Stress concentrations were usually found in:

BENDS

Notches

Sudden Contraction or Enlargement Also called Stress Raisers

Chapter 4 Variable Loads and Stress Concentrations

1. In some machine members, the loads vary. The pattern of variation maybe repeated, reversed, gradual or shock.

A. Mean Stress

Smax + Smin Sm = 2

B. Alternating Stress

Smax Smin Sa = 2

C. Mean Moment

Mmax + Mmin Mm = 2

D. Alternating Moment

Mmax Mmin Ma = 2

E. Mean Force

Fmax + Fmin Fm = 2

D. Mean Torque

Tmax + Tmin Tm = 2

Then it follows that;

Fm Mm Mm Tm Tm Sm = = = = = A I c z z J c

And

Fa Ma Ma Ta Ta Sa = = = = = A I c z z J c

Stress Ratio

Smin R= Smax

R = 1 for completely reversed stress R = 0 for repeated stress

2. Factor of Safety,
1 N

=
1 N

Sm Sy

Sa Kf Sn

Or

Sms Sys

+ K fs

Sas Sn s

Soderberg Criterion (p.107 Faires)

1=

Su

Sm
N

+ K f Sn
2

Sa
N

Or 1 =

Sus

Sms
N

+ K f Sns

Sas
N

Gerber Criterion

1 N

=
1 N

Sm Su

Sa Kf Sn

Or

Sms Sus

+ K fs

Sas Sns

Goodman Criterion (p.108 Faires)

Where : N=factor of safety Sm, Sms = mean stress Sa, Sas = alternating stress Sy, Sys = yield stress K or Ks = fatigue strength reduction factor = 1.0 if there is no stress
concentration

Note : For steel in torsion, use Sys = 0.6 Sy (Table AT7)

Sn, Sns = Su, Sus =

endurance strength ultimate strength

3. Notch Sensitivity

q=
or q

Kf 1 Kt 1

or K f = 1 + q K t 1

a 1+ r

Where:
r = radius of curvature (Fig. AF7) q = notch sensitivity Kf = fatigue strength reduction factor Kt = theoretical stress-concentration factor a = 0.0025 (122 ksi); Q & T steels = 0.01 (63 ksi); annealed or normalized steel

4. Endurance Strength,

= .. ..

Where: Sn = endurance strength Fe.t. = endurance ratio, varies from 0.23 to 0.65
= for steel, use 0.5 = for cast iron, use 0.35 Fa.l. = for axial load factor used only in case of reversed axial loading. Varies from 0.6 to 1.0 plus for steel and from 0.85 to 1.06 for aluminum alloys. Use 0.8 in the absence of test values. Fsize = size factor, taken as 0.85 for sizes 13mm to 52mm (0.5 in. to 2.0 in.) Fsurface = surface factor, see Fig. AF5

Note : See example 4.15, p.117 Faires

5. Steel in Reversed Torsion

Sns = 0.6 Sn
Where Sn is the endurance strength of the steel